Moved GlueGen out of the JOGL workspace and into its own project.

Restructured JOGL and JOAL build processes to separately invoke
GlueGen's main build.xml before using it to generate their code.
Refactored OS/CPU detection code into gluegen-cpptasks.xml build file
in GlueGen workspace, which is now imported by both the JOGL and JOAL
build processes. Unfortunately it seems to be somewhat difficult to
completely factor out the C compiler configuration into the GlueGen
workspace so this has been left for a later date. Added missed
ALProcAddressLookup file to JOAL workspace. Updated JOGL and JOAL
build documentation. More documentation for the GlueGen workspace is
forthcoming.


git-svn-id: file:///usr/local/projects/SUN/JOGL/git-svn/../svn-server-sync/gluegen/trunk@3 a78bb65f-1512-4460-ba86-f6dc96a7bf27

1 files changed, 1689 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/src/java/com/sun/gluegen/JavaEmitter.java b/src/java/com/sun/gluegen/JavaEmitter.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f079906
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/java/com/sun/gluegen/JavaEmitter.java
@@ -0,0 +1,1689 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2003 Sun Microsystems, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
+ * 
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
+ * met:
+ * 
+ * - Redistribution of source code must retain the above copyright
+ *   notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ * 
+ * - Redistribution in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+ *   notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+ *   documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+ * 
+ * Neither the name of Sun Microsystems, Inc. or the names of
+ * contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
+ * this software without specific prior written permission.
+ * 
+ * This software is provided "AS IS," without a warranty of any kind. ALL
+ * EXPRESS OR IMPLIED CONDITIONS, REPRESENTATIONS AND WARRANTIES,
+ * INCLUDING ANY IMPLIED WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A
+ * PARTICULAR PURPOSE OR NON-INFRINGEMENT, ARE HEREBY EXCLUDED. SUN
+ * MICROSYSTEMS, INC. ("SUN") AND ITS LICENSORS SHALL NOT BE LIABLE FOR
+ * ANY DAMAGES SUFFERED BY LICENSEE AS A RESULT OF USING, MODIFYING OR
+ * DISTRIBUTING THIS SOFTWARE OR ITS DERIVATIVES. IN NO EVENT WILL SUN OR
+ * ITS LICENSORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY LOST REVENUE, PROFIT OR DATA, OR FOR
+ * DIRECT, INDIRECT, SPECIAL, CONSEQUENTIAL, INCIDENTAL OR PUNITIVE
+ * DAMAGES, HOWEVER CAUSED AND REGARDLESS OF THE THEORY OF LIABILITY,
+ * ARISING OUT OF THE USE OF OR INABILITY TO USE THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF
+ * SUN HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES.
+ * 
+ * You acknowledge that this software is not designed or intended for use
+ * in the design, construction, operation or maintenance of any nuclear
+ * facility.
+ * 
+ * Sun gratefully acknowledges that this software was originally authored
+ * and developed by Kenneth Bradley Russell and Christopher John Kline.
+ */
+
+package com.sun.gluegen;
+
+import java.io.*;
+import java.util.*;
+import java.text.MessageFormat;
+
+import com.sun.gluegen.cgram.types.*;
+
+// PROBLEMS:
+//  - what if something returns 'const int *'? Could we
+//    return an IntBuffer that has read-only behavior? Or do we copy the array
+//    (but we don't know its size!). What do we do if it returns a non-const
+//    int*? Should the user be allowed to write back to the returned pointer?
+//
+//  - Non-const array types must be properly released with JNI_COMMIT
+//    in order to see side effects if the array was copied.
+
+
+public class JavaEmitter implements GlueEmitter {
+  private StructLayout layout;
+  private TypeDictionary typedefDictionary;
+  private TypeDictionary structDictionary;
+  private Map            canonMap;
+  private JavaConfiguration cfg;
+
+  /**
+   * Style of code emission. Can emit everything into one class
+   * (AllStatic), separate interface and implementing classes
+   * (InterfaceAndImpl), only the interface (InterfaceOnly), or only
+   * the implementation (ImplOnly).
+   */
+  public static final int ALL_STATIC = 1;
+  public static final int INTERFACE_AND_IMPL = 2;
+  public static final int INTERFACE_ONLY = 3;
+  public static final int IMPL_ONLY = 4;
+
+  /**
+   * Access control for emitted Java methods.
+   */
+  public static final int ACC_PUBLIC = 1;
+  public static final int ACC_PROTECTED = 2;
+  public static final int ACC_PRIVATE = 3;
+  public static final int ACC_PACKAGE_PRIVATE = 4;
+
+  private PrintWriter javaWriter; // Emits either interface or, in AllStatic mode, everything
+  private PrintWriter javaImplWriter; // Only used in non-AllStatic modes for impl class
+  private PrintWriter cWriter;
+  private MachineDescription machDesc32;
+  private MachineDescription machDesc64;
+  
+  public void readConfigurationFile(String filename) throws Exception {
+    cfg = createConfig();
+    cfg.read(filename);
+  }
+
+  public void setMachineDescription(MachineDescription md32,
+                                    MachineDescription md64) {
+    if ((md32 == null) && (md64 == null)) {
+      throw new RuntimeException("Must specify at least one MachineDescription");
+    }
+
+    machDesc32 = md32;
+    machDesc64 = md64;
+  }
+
+  public void beginEmission(GlueEmitterControls controls) throws IOException
+  {
+    try
+    {
+      openWriters();
+    }
+    catch (Exception e)
+    {
+      throw new RuntimeException(
+        "Unable to open files for writing", e);
+    }
+    
+    emitAllFileHeaders();
+
+    // Request emission of any structs requested
+    for (Iterator iter = cfg.forcedStructs().iterator(); iter.hasNext(); ) {
+      controls.forceStructEmission((String) iter.next());
+    }
+  }
+
+  public void endEmission()
+  {
+    emitAllFileFooters();
+
+    try
+    {
+      closeWriters();
+    }
+    catch (Exception e)
+    {
+      throw new RuntimeException(
+        "Unable to close open files", e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  public void beginDefines() throws Exception
+  {
+    if (cfg.allStatic() || cfg.emitInterface()) {
+      javaWriter().println();
+    }
+  }
+
+  public void emitDefine(String name, String value, String optionalComment) throws Exception
+  {
+    if (cfg.allStatic() || cfg.emitInterface()) {
+      // TODO: Some defines (e.g., GL_DOUBLE_EXT in gl.h) are defined in terms
+      // of other defines -- should we emit them as references to the original
+      // define (not even sure if the lexer supports this)? Right now they're
+      // emitted as the numeric value of the original definition. If we decide
+      // emit them as references we'll also have to emit them in the correct
+      // order. It's probably not an issue right now because the emitter
+      // currently only emits only numeric defines -- if it handled #define'd
+      // objects it would make a bigger difference.
+ 
+      if (!cfg.shouldIgnore(name)) {
+        String type = null;
+
+        // FIXME: need to handle when type specifier is in last char (e.g.,
+        // "1.0d or 2759L", because parseXXX() methods don't allow the type
+        // specifier character in the string.
+        //
+        //char lastChar = value.charAt(value.length()-1);
+        
+        try {
+          // see if it's a long or int
+          int radix;
+          String parseValue;
+          // FIXME: are you allowed to specify hex/octal constants with
+          // negation, e.g. "-0xFF" or "-056"? If so, need to modify the
+          // following "if(..)" checks and parseValue computation
+          if (value.startsWith("0x") || value.startsWith("0X")) {
+            radix = 16;
+            parseValue = value.substring(2);
+          }
+          else if (value.startsWith("0") && value.length() > 1) {
+            // TODO: is "0" the prefix in C to indicate octal???
+            radix = 8; 
+            parseValue = value.substring(1);
+          }
+          else {
+            radix = 10;
+            parseValue = value;
+          }
+          //System.err.println("parsing " + value + " as long w/ radix " + radix);
+          long longVal = Long.parseLong(parseValue, radix);
+          type = "long";
+          // if constant is small enough, store it as an int instead of a long
+          if (longVal > Integer.MIN_VALUE && longVal < Integer.MAX_VALUE) {
+            type = "int";
+          }
+          
+        } catch (NumberFormatException e) {
+          try {
+            // see if it's a double or float
+            double dVal = Double.parseDouble(value);
+            type = "double";
+            // if constant is small enough, store it as a float instead of a double
+            if (dVal > Float.MIN_VALUE && dVal < Float.MAX_VALUE) {
+              type = "float";
+            }
+            
+          } catch (NumberFormatException e2) {            
+            throw new RuntimeException(
+              "Cannot emit define \""+name+"\": value \""+value+
+              "\" cannot be assigned to a int, long, float, or double", e2);
+          }
+        }
+
+        if (type == null) {
+            throw new RuntimeException(
+              "Cannot emit define (2) \""+name+"\": value \""+value+
+              "\" cannot be assigned to a int, long, float, or double");
+        }
+        if (optionalComment != null && optionalComment.length() != 0) {
+          javaWriter().println("  /** " + optionalComment + " */");
+        }
+        javaWriter().println("  public static final " + type + " " + name + " = " + value + ";");
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  public void endDefines() throws Exception
+  {
+  }
+
+  public void beginFunctions(TypeDictionary typedefDictionary,
+                             TypeDictionary structDictionary,
+                             Map            canonMap) throws Exception {
+    this.typedefDictionary = typedefDictionary;
+    this.structDictionary  = structDictionary;
+    this.canonMap          = canonMap;
+    if (cfg.allStatic() || cfg.emitInterface()) {
+      javaWriter().println();
+    }
+  }
+
+  public Iterator emitFunctions(List/*<FunctionSymbol>*/ originalCFunctions)
+    throws Exception {
+    // Sometimes headers will have the same function prototype twice, once
+    // with the argument names and once without. We'll remember the signatures
+    // we've already processed we don't generate duplicate bindings.
+    //
+    // Note: this code assumes that on the equals() method in FunctionSymbol
+    // only considers function name and argument types (i.e., it does not
+    // consider argument *names*) when comparing FunctionSymbols for equality    
+    Set funcsToBindSet = new HashSet(100);
+    for (Iterator cIter = originalCFunctions.iterator(); cIter.hasNext(); ) {
+      FunctionSymbol cFunc = (FunctionSymbol) cIter.next();
+      if (!funcsToBindSet.contains(cFunc)) {
+        funcsToBindSet.add(cFunc);
+      }
+    }
+
+    ArrayList funcsToBind = new ArrayList(funcsToBindSet.size());
+    funcsToBind.addAll(funcsToBindSet);
+    // sort functions to make them easier to find in native code
+    Collections.sort(
+      funcsToBind,
+      new Comparator() {
+          public int compare(Object o1, Object o2) {
+            return ((FunctionSymbol)o1).getName().compareTo(
+              ((FunctionSymbol)o2).getName());
+          }
+          public boolean equals(Object obj) {
+            return obj.getClass() == this.getClass();
+          }
+        });
+
+    // Bind all the C funcs to Java methods
+    ArrayList/*<FunctionEmitter>*/ methodBindingEmitters = new ArrayList(2*funcsToBind.size());
+    for (Iterator iter = funcsToBind.iterator(); iter.hasNext(); ) {
+      FunctionSymbol cFunc = (FunctionSymbol) iter.next();
+      // Check to see whether this function should be ignored
+      if (cfg.shouldIgnore(cFunc.getName())) {
+        continue; // don't generate bindings for this symbol
+      }
+      
+      List allBindings = generateMethodBindingEmitters(cFunc);
+      methodBindingEmitters.addAll(allBindings);
+    }
+
+    // Emit all the methods
+    for (int i = 0; i < methodBindingEmitters.size(); ++i) {
+      FunctionEmitter emitter = (FunctionEmitter)methodBindingEmitters.get(i);      
+      try {
+        emitter.emit();
+      } catch (Exception e) {
+        throw new RuntimeException(
+            "Error while emitting binding for \"" + emitter.getName() + "\"", e);
+      }
+      emitter.getDefaultOutput().println(); // put newline after method body
+    }
+
+    // Return the list of FunctionSymbols that we generated gluecode for
+    return funcsToBind.iterator();
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Create the object that will read and store configuration information for
+   * this JavaEmitter.
+   */
+  protected JavaConfiguration createConfig() {
+    return new JavaConfiguration();
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Get the configuration information for this JavaEmitter.
+   */
+  protected JavaConfiguration getConfig() {
+    return cfg;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Generates the public emitters for this MethodBinding which will
+   * produce either simply signatures (for the interface class, if
+   * any) or function definitions with or without a body (depending on
+   * whether or not the implementing function can go directly to
+   * native code because it doesn't need any processing of the
+   * outgoing arguments).
+   */
+  protected void generatePublicEmitters(MethodBinding binding,
+                                        List allEmitters,
+                                        boolean signatureOnly) {
+    PrintWriter writer = ((signatureOnly || cfg.allStatic()) ? javaWriter() : javaImplWriter());
+
+    if (cfg.manuallyImplement(binding.getName()) && !signatureOnly) {
+      // We only generate signatures for manually-implemented methods;
+      // user provides the implementation
+      return;
+    }
+
+    int accessControl = cfg.accessControl(binding.getName());
+    // We should not emit anything except public APIs into interfaces
+    if (signatureOnly && (accessControl != ACC_PUBLIC)) {
+      return;
+    }
+
+    // It's possible we may not need a body even if signatureOnly is
+    // set to false; for example, if the routine doesn't take any
+    // arrays or buffers as arguments
+    boolean isUnimplemented = cfg.isUnimplemented(binding.getName());
+    List/*<String>*/ prologue = cfg.javaPrologueForMethod(binding, false, false);
+    List/*<String>*/ epilogue = cfg.javaEpilogueForMethod(binding, false, false);
+    boolean needsBody = (isUnimplemented ||
+                         (binding.needsNIOWrappingOrUnwrapping() ||
+                          binding.signatureUsesJavaPrimitiveArrays()) ||
+                         (prologue != null) ||
+                         (epilogue != null));
+
+    JavaMethodBindingEmitter emitter =
+      new JavaMethodBindingEmitter(binding,
+                                   writer,
+                                   cfg.runtimeExceptionType(),
+                                   !signatureOnly && needsBody,
+                                   false,
+                                   cfg.nioDirectOnly(binding.getName()),
+                                   false,
+                                   false,
+                                   false,
+                                   isUnimplemented);
+    switch (accessControl) {
+      case ACC_PUBLIC:     emitter.addModifier(JavaMethodBindingEmitter.PUBLIC); break;
+      case ACC_PROTECTED:  emitter.addModifier(JavaMethodBindingEmitter.PROTECTED); break;
+      case ACC_PRIVATE:    emitter.addModifier(JavaMethodBindingEmitter.PRIVATE); break;
+      default: break; // package-private adds no modifiers
+    }
+    if (cfg.allStatic()) {
+      emitter.addModifier(JavaMethodBindingEmitter.STATIC);
+    }
+    if (!isUnimplemented && !needsBody && !signatureOnly) {
+      emitter.addModifier(JavaMethodBindingEmitter.NATIVE);
+    }
+    emitter.setReturnedArrayLengthExpression(cfg.returnedArrayLength(binding.getName()));
+    emitter.setPrologue(prologue);
+    emitter.setEpilogue(epilogue);
+    emitter.setRangeCheckExpressions(cfg.rangeCheckExpressions(binding.getName()));
+    emitter.setByteRangeCheckExpressions(cfg.byteRangeCheckExpressions(binding.getName()));
+    allEmitters.add(emitter);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Generates the private emitters for this MethodBinding. On the
+   * Java side these will simply produce signatures for native
+   * methods. On the C side these will create the emitters which will
+   * write the JNI code to interface to the functions. We need to be
+   * careful to make the signatures all match up and not produce too
+   * many emitters which would lead to compilation errors from
+   * creating duplicated methods / functions.
+   */
+  protected void generatePrivateEmitters(MethodBinding binding,
+                                         List allEmitters) {
+    if (cfg.manuallyImplement(binding.getName())) {
+      // Don't produce emitters for the implementation class
+      return;
+    }
+
+    boolean hasPrologueOrEpilogue =
+        ((cfg.javaPrologueForMethod(binding, false, false) != null) ||
+         (cfg.javaEpilogueForMethod(binding, false, false) != null));
+
+    // If we already generated a public native entry point for this
+    // method, don't emit another one
+    if (!cfg.isUnimplemented(binding.getName()) &&
+        (binding.needsNIOWrappingOrUnwrapping() ||
+         binding.signatureUsesJavaPrimitiveArrays() ||
+         hasPrologueOrEpilogue)) {
+      PrintWriter writer = (cfg.allStatic() ? javaWriter() : javaImplWriter());
+
+      // If the binding uses primitive arrays, we are going to emit
+      // the private native entry point for it along with the version
+      // taking only NIO buffers
+      if (!binding.signatureUsesJavaPrimitiveArrays()) {
+        // (Always) emit the entry point taking only direct buffers
+        JavaMethodBindingEmitter emitter =
+          new JavaMethodBindingEmitter(binding,
+                                       writer,
+                                       cfg.runtimeExceptionType(),
+                                       false,
+                                       true,
+                                       cfg.nioDirectOnly(binding.getName()),
+                                       true,
+                                       true,
+                                       false,
+                                       false);
+        emitter.addModifier(JavaMethodBindingEmitter.PRIVATE);
+        if (cfg.allStatic()) {
+          emitter.addModifier(JavaMethodBindingEmitter.STATIC);
+        }
+        emitter.addModifier(JavaMethodBindingEmitter.NATIVE);
+        emitter.setReturnedArrayLengthExpression(cfg.returnedArrayLength(binding.getName()));
+        emitter.setRangeCheckExpressions(cfg.rangeCheckExpressions(binding.getName()));
+        emitter.setByteRangeCheckExpressions(cfg.byteRangeCheckExpressions(binding.getName()));
+        allEmitters.add(emitter);
+
+        // Optionally emit the entry point taking arrays which handles
+        // both the public entry point taking arrays as well as the
+        // indirect buffer case
+        if (!cfg.nioDirectOnly(binding.getName()) &&
+            binding.signatureCanUseIndirectNIO()) {
+          emitter =
+            new JavaMethodBindingEmitter(binding,
+                                         writer,
+                                         cfg.runtimeExceptionType(),
+                                         false,
+                                         true,
+                                         false,
+                                         true,
+                                         false,
+                                         true,
+                                         false);
+
+          emitter.addModifier(JavaMethodBindingEmitter.PRIVATE);
+          if (cfg.allStatic()) {
+            emitter.addModifier(JavaMethodBindingEmitter.STATIC);
+          }
+          emitter.addModifier(JavaMethodBindingEmitter.NATIVE);
+          emitter.setReturnedArrayLengthExpression(cfg.returnedArrayLength(binding.getName()));
+          emitter.setRangeCheckExpressions(cfg.rangeCheckExpressions(binding.getName()));
+          emitter.setByteRangeCheckExpressions(cfg.byteRangeCheckExpressions(binding.getName()));
+          allEmitters.add(emitter);
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    // Now generate the C emitter(s). We need to produce one for every
+    // Java native entry point (public or private). The only
+    // situations where we don't produce one are (a) when the method
+    // is unimplemented, and (b) when the signature contains primitive
+    // arrays, since the latter is handled by the method binding
+    // variant taking only NIO Buffers.
+    if (!cfg.isUnimplemented(binding.getName()) &&
+        !binding.signatureUsesJavaPrimitiveArrays()) {
+      // See whether we need an expression to help calculate the
+      // length of any return type
+      MessageFormat returnValueCapacityFormat = null;         
+      MessageFormat returnValueLengthFormat = null;         
+      JavaType javaReturnType = binding.getJavaReturnType();
+      if (javaReturnType.isNIOBuffer() ||
+          javaReturnType.isCompoundTypeWrapper()) {
+        // See whether capacity has been specified
+        String capacity = cfg.returnValueCapacity(binding.getName());
+        if (capacity != null) {
+          returnValueCapacityFormat = new MessageFormat(capacity);
+        }
+      } else if (javaReturnType.isArray() ||
+                 javaReturnType.isArrayOfCompoundTypeWrappers()) {
+        // NOTE: adding a check here because the CMethodBindingEmitter
+        // also doesn't yet handle returning scalar arrays. In order
+        // to implement this, return the type as a Buffer instead
+        // (i.e., IntBuffer, FloatBuffer) and add code as necessary.
+        if (javaReturnType.isPrimitiveArray()) {
+          throw new RuntimeException("Primitive array return types not yet supported");
+        }
+
+        // See whether length has been specified
+        String len = cfg.returnValueLength(binding.getName());
+        if (len != null) {
+          returnValueLengthFormat = new MessageFormat(len);
+        }
+      }
+
+      CMethodBindingEmitter cEmitter =
+        new CMethodBindingEmitter(binding,
+                                  cWriter(),
+                                  cfg.implPackageName(),
+                                  cfg.implClassName(),
+                                  true, /* NOTE: we always disambiguate with a suffix now, so this is optional */
+                                  cfg.allStatic(),
+                                  (binding.needsNIOWrappingOrUnwrapping() || hasPrologueOrEpilogue),
+                                  false);
+      if (returnValueCapacityFormat != null) {
+        cEmitter.setReturnValueCapacityExpression(returnValueCapacityFormat);
+      }
+      if (returnValueLengthFormat != null) {
+        cEmitter.setReturnValueLengthExpression(returnValueLengthFormat);
+      }
+      cEmitter.setTemporaryCVariableDeclarations(cfg.temporaryCVariableDeclarations(binding.getName()));
+      cEmitter.setTemporaryCVariableAssignments(cfg.temporaryCVariableAssignments(binding.getName()));
+      allEmitters.add(cEmitter);
+
+      // Now see if we have to emit another entry point to handle the
+      // indirect buffer and array case
+      if (binding.argumentsUseNIO() &&
+          binding.signatureCanUseIndirectNIO() &&
+          !cfg.nioDirectOnly(binding.getName())) {
+        cEmitter =
+          new CMethodBindingEmitter(binding,
+                                    cWriter(),
+                                    cfg.implPackageName(),
+                                    cfg.implClassName(),
+                                    true, /* NOTE: we always disambiguate with a suffix now, so this is optional */
+                                    cfg.allStatic(),
+                                    binding.needsNIOWrappingOrUnwrapping(),
+                                    true);
+        if (returnValueCapacityFormat != null) {
+          cEmitter.setReturnValueCapacityExpression(returnValueCapacityFormat);
+        }
+        if (returnValueLengthFormat != null) {
+          cEmitter.setReturnValueLengthExpression(returnValueLengthFormat);
+        }
+        cEmitter.setTemporaryCVariableDeclarations(cfg.temporaryCVariableDeclarations(binding.getName()));
+        cEmitter.setTemporaryCVariableAssignments(cfg.temporaryCVariableAssignments(binding.getName()));
+        allEmitters.add(cEmitter);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Generate all appropriate Java bindings for the specified C function
+   * symbols.
+   */
+  protected List generateMethodBindingEmitters(FunctionSymbol sym) throws Exception {
+
+    ArrayList/*<FunctionEmitter>*/ allEmitters = new ArrayList();
+
+    try {
+      // Get Java binding for the function
+      MethodBinding mb = bindFunction(sym, null, null, machDesc64);
+      
+      // JavaTypes representing C pointers in the initial
+      // MethodBinding have not been lowered yet to concrete types
+      List bindings = expandMethodBinding(mb);
+      
+      for (Iterator iter = bindings.iterator(); iter.hasNext(); ) {
+        MethodBinding binding = (MethodBinding) iter.next();        
+
+        if (cfg.allStatic() && binding.hasContainingType()) {
+          // This should not currently happen since structs are emitted using a different mechanism
+          throw new IllegalArgumentException("Cannot create binding in AllStatic mode because method has containing type: \"" +
+                                             binding + "\"");
+        }
+
+        // The structure of the generated glue code looks something like this:
+        // Simple method (no arrays, void pointers, etc.):
+        //   Interface class:
+        //     public void fooMethod();
+        //   Implementation class:
+        //     public native void fooMethod();
+        //
+        // Method taking void* argument:
+        //   Interface class:
+        //     public void fooMethod(Buffer arg);
+        //   Implementation class:
+        //     public void fooMethod(Buffer arg) {
+        //       ... bounds checks, etc. ...
+        //       if (arg.isDirect()) {
+        //         fooMethod0(arg, computeDirectBufferByteOffset(arg));
+        //       } else {
+        //         fooMethod1(getIndirectBufferArray(arg), computeIndirectBufferByteOffset(arg));
+        //       }
+        //     }
+        //     private native void fooMethod0(Object arg, int arg_byte_offset);
+        //     private native void fooMethod1(Object arg, int arg_byte_offset);
+        //
+        // Method taking primitive array argument:
+        //   Interface class:
+        //     public void fooMethod(int[] arg, int arg_offset);
+        //     public void fooMethod(IntBuffer arg);
+        //   Implementing class:
+        //     public void fooMethod(int[] arg, int arg_offset) {
+        //       ... range checks, etc. ...
+        //       fooMethod1(arg, SIZEOF_INT * arg_offset);
+        //     }
+        //     public void fooMethod(IntBuffer arg) {
+        //       ... bounds checks, etc. ...
+        //       if (arg.isDirect()) {
+        //         fooMethod0(arg, computeDirectBufferByteOffset(arg));
+        //       } else {
+        //         fooMethod1(getIndirectBufferArray(arg), computeIndirectBufferByteOffset(arg));
+        //       }
+        //     }
+        //     private native void fooMethod0(Object arg, int arg_byte_offset);
+        //     private native void fooMethod1(Object arg, int arg_byte_offset);
+        //
+        // Note in particular that the public entry point taking an
+        // array is merely a special case of the indirect buffer case.
+
+        if (cfg.emitInterface()) {
+          generatePublicEmitters(binding, allEmitters, true);
+        }
+        if (cfg.emitImpl()) {
+          generatePublicEmitters(binding, allEmitters, false);
+          generatePrivateEmitters(binding, allEmitters);
+        }
+      } // end iteration over expanded bindings
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      throw new RuntimeException(
+        "Error while generating bindings for \"" + sym + "\"", e);
+    }
+
+    return allEmitters;
+  }
+
+    
+  public void endFunctions() throws Exception
+  {
+    if (cfg.allStatic() || cfg.emitInterface()) {
+      emitCustomJavaCode(javaWriter(), cfg.className());
+    }
+    if (!cfg.allStatic() && cfg.emitImpl()) {
+      emitCustomJavaCode(javaImplWriter(), cfg.implClassName());
+    }
+  }
+
+  public void beginStructLayout() throws Exception {}
+  public void layoutStruct(CompoundType t) throws Exception {
+    getLayout().layout(t);
+  }
+  public void endStructLayout() throws Exception {}
+
+  public void beginStructs(TypeDictionary typedefDictionary,
+                           TypeDictionary structDictionary,
+                           Map            canonMap) throws Exception {
+    this.typedefDictionary = typedefDictionary;
+    this.structDictionary  = structDictionary;
+    this.canonMap          = canonMap;
+  }
+
+  public void emitStruct(CompoundType structType, String alternateName) throws Exception {
+    // Emit abstract base class delegating to 32-bit or 64-bit implementations
+    emitStructImpl(structType, alternateName, machDesc32, machDesc64, true, false);
+    // Emit concrete implementing class for each variant
+    emitStructImpl(structType, alternateName, machDesc32, machDesc64, false, true);
+    emitStructImpl(structType, alternateName, machDesc32, machDesc64, false, false);
+  }
+
+  public void emitStructImpl(CompoundType structType,
+                             String alternateName,
+                             MachineDescription md32,
+                             MachineDescription md64,
+                             boolean doBaseClass,
+                             boolean do32Bit) throws Exception {
+    String name = structType.getName();
+    if (name == null && alternateName != null) {
+      name = alternateName;
+    }
+
+    if (name == null) {
+      System.err.println("WARNING: skipping emission of unnamed struct \"" + structType + "\"");
+      return;
+    }
+
+    if (cfg.shouldIgnore(name)) {
+      return;
+    }
+
+    Type containingCType = canonicalize(new PointerType(SizeThunk.POINTER, structType, 0));
+    JavaType containingType = typeToJavaType(containingCType, false, null);
+    if (!containingType.isCompoundTypeWrapper()) {
+      return;
+    }
+    String containingTypeName = containingType.getName();
+
+    if ((md32 == null) || (md64 == null)) {
+      throw new RuntimeException("Must supply both 32- and 64-bit MachineDescriptions to emitStructImpl");
+    }
+    String suffix = "";
+
+    // The "external" MachineDescription is the one used to determine
+    // the sizes of the primitive types seen in the public API. For
+    // example, if a C long is an element of a struct, it is the size
+    // of a Java int on a 32-bit machine but the size of a Java long
+    // on a 64-bit machine. To support both of these sizes with the
+    // same API, the abstract base class must take and return a Java
+    // long from the setter and getter for this field. However the
+    // implementation on a 32-bit platform must downcast this to an
+    // int and set only an int's worth of data in the struct. The
+    // "internal" MachineDescription is the one used to determine how
+    // much data to set in or get from the struct and exactly from
+    // where it comes.
+    //
+    // Note that the 64-bit MachineDescription is always used as the
+    // external MachineDescription.
+
+    MachineDescription extMachDesc = md64;
+    MachineDescription intMachDesc = null;
+
+    if (!doBaseClass) {
+      if (do32Bit) {
+        intMachDesc = md32;
+        suffix = "32";
+      } else {
+        intMachDesc = md64;
+        suffix = "64";
+      }
+    }
+
+    boolean needsNativeCode = false;
+    // Native code for calls through function pointers gets emitted
+    // into the abstract base class; Java code which accesses fields
+    // gets emitted into the concrete classes
+    if (doBaseClass) {
+      for (int i = 0; i < structType.getNumFields(); i++) {
+        if (structType.getField(i).getType().isFunctionPointer()) {
+          needsNativeCode = true;
+          break;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    String structClassPkg = cfg.packageForStruct(name);
+    PrintWriter writer = null;
+    PrintWriter cWriter = null;
+    try
+    {
+      writer = openFile(
+        cfg.javaOutputDir() + File.separator +
+        CodeGenUtils.packageAsPath(structClassPkg) +
+        File.separator + containingTypeName + suffix + ".java");
+      CodeGenUtils.emitAutogeneratedWarning(writer, this);
+      if (needsNativeCode) {
+        String nRoot = cfg.nativeOutputDir();
+        if (cfg.nativeOutputUsesJavaHierarchy()) {
+          nRoot +=
+            File.separator +
+            CodeGenUtils.packageAsPath(cfg.packageName());
+        }
+        cWriter = openFile(nRoot + File.separator + containingTypeName + "_JNI.c");
+        CodeGenUtils.emitAutogeneratedWarning(cWriter, this);
+        emitCHeader(cWriter, containingTypeName);
+      }
+    }
+    catch(Exception e)
+    {
+      throw new RuntimeException(
+        "Unable to open files for emission of struct class", e);
+    }
+    
+    writer.println();
+    writer.println("package " + structClassPkg + ";");
+    writer.println();
+    writer.println("import java.nio.*;");
+    writer.println();
+    writer.println("import com.sun.gluegen.runtime.*;");
+    writer.println();
+    List/*<String>*/ imports = cfg.imports();
+    for (Iterator iter = imports.iterator(); iter.hasNext(); ) {
+      writer.print("import ");
+      writer.print(iter.next());
+      writer.println(";");
+    }
+    List/*<String>*/ javadoc = cfg.javadocForClass(containingTypeName);
+    for (Iterator iter = javadoc.iterator(); iter.hasNext(); ) {
+      writer.println((String) iter.next());
+    }
+    writer.println();
+    writer.print((doBaseClass ? "public " : "") + (doBaseClass ? "abstract " : "") + "class " + containingTypeName + suffix + " ");
+    if (!doBaseClass) {
+      writer.print("extends " + containingTypeName + " ");
+    }
+    boolean firstIteration = true;
+    List/*<String>*/ userSpecifiedInterfaces = cfg.implementedInterfaces(containingTypeName);
+    for (Iterator iter = userSpecifiedInterfaces.iterator(); iter.hasNext(); ) {
+      if (firstIteration) {
+        writer.print("implements ");
+      }
+      firstIteration = false;
+      writer.print(iter.next());
+      writer.print(" ");
+    }
+    writer.println("{");
+    if (doBaseClass) {
+      writer.println("  StructAccessor accessor;");
+      writer.println();
+    }
+    writer.println("  public static int size() {");
+    if (doBaseClass) {
+      writer.println("    if (CPU.is32Bit()) {");
+      writer.println("      return " + containingTypeName + "32" + ".size();");
+      writer.println("    } else {");
+      writer.println("      return " + containingTypeName + "64" + ".size();");
+      writer.println("    }");
+    } else {
+      writer.println("    return " + structType.getSize(intMachDesc) + ";");
+    }
+    writer.println("  }");
+    writer.println();
+    if (doBaseClass) {
+      writer.println("  public static " + containingTypeName + " create() {");
+      writer.println("    return create(BufferFactory.newDirectByteBuffer(size()));");
+      writer.println("  }");
+      writer.println();
+      writer.println("  public static " + containingTypeName + " create(ByteBuffer buf) {");
+      writer.println("    if (CPU.is32Bit()) {");
+      writer.println("      return new " + containingTypeName + "32(buf);");
+      writer.println("    } else {");
+      writer.println("      return new " + containingTypeName + "64(buf);");
+      writer.println("    }");
+      writer.println("  }");
+      writer.println();
+      writer.println("  " + containingTypeName + "(ByteBuffer buf) {");
+      writer.println("    accessor = new StructAccessor(buf);");
+      writer.println("  }");
+      writer.println();
+      writer.println("  public ByteBuffer getBuffer() {");
+      writer.println("    return accessor.getBuffer();");
+      writer.println("  }");
+    } else {
+      writer.println("  " + containingTypeName + suffix + "(ByteBuffer buf) {");
+      writer.println("    super(buf);");
+      writer.println("  }");
+      writer.println();
+    }
+    for (int i = 0; i < structType.getNumFields(); i++) {
+      Field field = structType.getField(i);
+      Type fieldType = field.getType();
+      if (!cfg.shouldIgnore(name + " " + field.getName())) {
+        if (fieldType.isFunctionPointer()) {
+          if (doBaseClass) {
+            try {
+              // Emit method call and associated native code
+              FunctionType   funcType     = fieldType.asPointer().getTargetType().asFunction();
+              FunctionSymbol funcSym      = new FunctionSymbol(field.getName(), funcType);
+              MethodBinding  binding      = bindFunction(funcSym, containingType, containingCType, machDesc64);
+              binding.findThisPointer(); // FIXME: need to provide option to disable this on per-function basis
+              writer.println();
+
+              // Emit public Java entry point for calling this function pointer
+              JavaMethodBindingEmitter emitter =
+                new JavaMethodBindingEmitter(binding,
+                                             writer,
+                                             cfg.runtimeExceptionType(),
+                                             true,
+                                             false,
+                                             true, // FIXME: should unify this with the general emission code
+                                             false,
+                                             false, // FIXME: should unify this with the general emission code
+                                             false, // FIXME: should unify this with the general emission code
+                                             false);
+              emitter.addModifier(JavaMethodBindingEmitter.PUBLIC);
+              emitter.emit();
+
+              // Emit private native Java entry point for calling this function pointer
+              emitter =
+                new JavaMethodBindingEmitter(binding,
+                                             writer,
+                                             cfg.runtimeExceptionType(),
+                                             false,
+                                             true,
+                                             true, // FIXME: should unify this with the general emission code
+                                             true,
+                                             true, // FIXME: should unify this with the general emission code
+                                             false, // FIXME: should unify this with the general emission code
+                                             false);
+              emitter.addModifier(JavaMethodBindingEmitter.PRIVATE);
+              emitter.addModifier(JavaMethodBindingEmitter.NATIVE);
+              emitter.emit();
+
+              // Emit (private) C entry point for calling this function pointer
+              CMethodBindingEmitter cEmitter =
+                new CMethodBindingEmitter(binding,
+                                          cWriter,
+                                          structClassPkg,
+                                          containingTypeName,
+                                          true, // FIXME: this is optional at this point
+                                          false,
+                                          true,
+                                          false); // FIXME: should unify this with the general emission code
+              cEmitter.emit();
+            } catch (Exception e) {
+              System.err.println("While processing field " + field + " of type " + name + ":");
+              throw(e);
+            }
+          }
+        } else if (fieldType.isCompound()) {
+          // FIXME: will need to support this at least in order to
+          // handle the union in jawt_Win32DrawingSurfaceInfo (fabricate
+          // a name?)
+          if (fieldType.getName() == null) {
+            throw new RuntimeException("Anonymous structs as fields not supported yet (field \"" +
+                                       field + "\" in type \"" + name + "\")");
+          }
+        
+          writer.println();
+          writer.print("  public " + (doBaseClass ? "abstract " : "") + fieldType.getName() + " " + field.getName() + "()");
+          if (doBaseClass) {
+            writer.println(";");
+          } else {
+            writer.println(" {");
+            writer.println("    return " + fieldType.getName() + ".create(accessor.slice(" +
+                           field.getOffset(intMachDesc) + ", " + fieldType.getSize(intMachDesc) + "));");
+            writer.println("  }");
+          }
+          // FIXME: add setter by autogenerating "copyTo" for all compound type wrappers
+        } else if (fieldType.isArray()) {
+          if (!doBaseClass) {
+            System.err.println("WARNING: Array fields (field \"" + field + "\" of type \"" + name +
+                               "\") not implemented yet");
+          }
+        } else {
+          JavaType internalJavaType = null;
+          JavaType externalJavaType = null;
+
+          try {
+            externalJavaType = typeToJavaType(fieldType, false, extMachDesc);
+            if (!doBaseClass) {
+              internalJavaType = typeToJavaType(fieldType, false, intMachDesc);
+            }
+          } catch (Exception e) {
+            System.err.println("Error occurred while creating accessor for field \"" +
+                               field.getName() + "\" in type \"" + name + "\"");
+            e.printStackTrace();
+            throw(e);
+          }
+          if (externalJavaType.isPrimitive()) {
+            // Primitive type
+            String externalJavaTypeName = null;
+            String internalJavaTypeName = null;
+            externalJavaTypeName = externalJavaType.getName();
+            if (!doBaseClass) {
+              internalJavaTypeName = internalJavaType.getName();
+            }
+            if (isOpaque(fieldType)) {
+              externalJavaTypeName = compatiblePrimitiveJavaTypeName(fieldType, externalJavaType, extMachDesc);
+              if (!doBaseClass) {
+                internalJavaTypeName = compatiblePrimitiveJavaTypeName(fieldType, internalJavaType, intMachDesc);
+              }
+            }
+            String capitalized = null;
+            if (!doBaseClass) {
+              capitalized =
+                "" + Character.toUpperCase(internalJavaTypeName.charAt(0)) + internalJavaTypeName.substring(1);
+            }
+            int slot = -1;
+            if (!doBaseClass) {
+              slot = slot(fieldType, (int) field.getOffset(intMachDesc), intMachDesc);
+            }
+            // Setter
+            writer.println();
+            writer.print("  public " + (doBaseClass ? "abstract " : "") + containingTypeName + " " + field.getName() + "(" + externalJavaTypeName + " val)");
+            if (doBaseClass) {
+              writer.println(";");
+            } else {
+              writer.println(" {");
+              writer.print  ("    accessor.set" + capitalized + "At(" + slot + ", ");
+              if (!externalJavaTypeName.equals(internalJavaTypeName)) {
+                writer.print("(" + internalJavaTypeName + ") ");
+              }
+              writer.println("val);");
+              writer.println("    return this;");
+              writer.println("  }");
+            }
+            writer.println();
+            // Getter
+            writer.print("  public " + (doBaseClass ? "abstract " : "") + externalJavaTypeName + " " + field.getName() + "()");
+            if (doBaseClass) {
+              writer.println(";");
+            } else {
+              writer.println(" {");
+              writer.print  ("    return ");
+              if (!externalJavaTypeName.equals(internalJavaTypeName)) {
+                writer.print("(" + externalJavaTypeName + ") ");
+              }
+              writer.println("accessor.get" + capitalized + "At(" + slot + ");");
+              writer.println("  }");
+            }
+          } else {
+            // FIXME
+            System.err.println("WARNING: Complicated fields (field \"" + field + "\" of type \"" + name +
+                               "\") not implemented yet");
+            //          throw new RuntimeException("Complicated fields (field \"" + field + "\" of type \"" + t +
+            //                                     "\") not implemented yet");
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    if (doBaseClass) {
+      emitCustomJavaCode(writer, containingTypeName);
+    }
+    writer.println("}");
+    writer.flush();
+    writer.close();
+    if (needsNativeCode) {
+      cWriter.flush();
+      cWriter.close();
+    }
+  }
+  public void endStructs() throws Exception {}
+
+  //----------------------------------------------------------------------
+  // Internals only below this point
+  //
+
+  private JavaType typeToJavaType(Type cType, boolean outgoingArgument, MachineDescription curMachDesc) {
+    // Recognize JNIEnv* case up front
+    PointerType opt = cType.asPointer();
+    if ((opt != null) &&
+        (opt.getTargetType().getName() != null) &&
+        (opt.getTargetType().getName().equals("JNIEnv"))) {
+      return JavaType.createForJNIEnv();
+    }
+
+    // Opaque specifications override automatic conversions
+    TypeInfo info = cfg.typeInfo(cType, typedefDictionary);
+    if (info != null) {
+      return info.javaType();
+    }
+    Type t = cType;
+    if (t.isInt() || t.isEnum()) {
+      switch ((int) t.getSize(curMachDesc)) {
+       case 1:  return javaType(Byte.TYPE);
+       case 2:  return javaType(Short.TYPE);
+       case 4:  return javaType(Integer.TYPE);
+       case 8:  return javaType(Long.TYPE);
+       default: throw new RuntimeException("Unknown integer type of size " +
+                                           t.getSize(curMachDesc) + " and name " + t.getName());
+      }
+    } else if (t.isFloat()) {
+      return javaType(Float.TYPE);
+    } else if (t.isDouble()) {
+      return javaType(Double.TYPE);
+    } else if (t.isVoid()) {
+      return javaType(Void.TYPE);
+    } else {
+      if (t.pointerDepth() > 0 || t.arrayDimension() > 0) {
+        Type targetType; // target type 
+        if (t.isPointer()) {
+          // t is <type>*, we need to get <type>
+          targetType = t.asPointer().getTargetType();
+        } else {
+          // t is <type>[], we need to get <type>
+          targetType = t.asArray().getElementType(); 
+        }
+
+        // Handle Types of form pointer-to-type or array-of-type, like
+        // char* or int[]; these are expanded out into Java primitive
+        // arrays, NIO buffers, or both in expandMethodBinding
+        if (t.pointerDepth() == 1 || t.arrayDimension() == 1) {
+          if (targetType.isVoid()) {
+            return JavaType.createForVoidPointer();
+          } else if (targetType.isInt()) {
+            switch ((int) targetType.getSize(curMachDesc)) {
+              case 1:  return JavaType.createForCCharPointer();
+              case 2:  return JavaType.createForCShortPointer();
+              case 4:  return JavaType.createForCInt32Pointer();
+              case 8:  return JavaType.createForCInt64Pointer();
+              default: throw new RuntimeException("Unknown integer array type of size " +
+                                                  t.getSize(curMachDesc) + " and name " + t.getName());
+            }
+          } else if (targetType.isFloat()) {
+            return JavaType.createForCFloatPointer();
+          } else if (targetType.isDouble()) {
+            return JavaType.createForCDoublePointer();
+          } else if (targetType.isCompound()) {
+            if (t.isArray()) {
+              throw new RuntimeException("Arrays of compound types not handled yet");
+            }
+            // Special cases for known JNI types (in particular for converting jawt.h)
+            if (t.getName() != null &&
+                t.getName().equals("jobject")) {
+              return javaType(java.lang.Object.class);
+            }
+
+            String name = targetType.getName();
+            if (name == null) {
+              // Try containing pointer type for any typedefs
+              name = t.getName();
+              if (name == null) {
+                throw new RuntimeException("Couldn't find a proper type name for pointer type " + t);
+              }
+            }
+
+            return JavaType.createForCStruct(cfg.renameJavaType(name));
+          } else {
+            throw new RuntimeException("Don't know how to convert pointer/array type \"" +
+                                       t + "\"");
+          }
+        }
+        // Handle Types of form pointer-to-pointer-to-type or
+        // array-of-arrays-of-type, like char** or int[][]
+        else if (t.pointerDepth() == 2 || t.arrayDimension() == 2) {
+          // Get the target type of the target type (targetType was computer earlier
+          // as to be a pointer to the target type, so now we need to get its
+          // target type)
+          Type bottomType;
+          if (targetType.isPointer()) {
+            // t is<type>**, targetType is <type>*, we need to get <type>
+            bottomType = targetType.asPointer().getTargetType(); 
+          } else {
+            // t is<type>[][], targetType is <type>[], we need to get <type>
+            bottomType = targetType.asArray().getElementType(); 
+          }
+
+          if (bottomType.isPrimitive()) {
+            if (bottomType.isInt()) {
+              switch ((int) bottomType.getSize(curMachDesc)) {
+                case 1: return javaType(ArrayTypes.byteBufferArrayClass);
+                case 2: return javaType(ArrayTypes.shortBufferArrayClass);
+                case 4: return javaType(ArrayTypes.intBufferArrayClass);
+                case 8: return javaType(ArrayTypes.longBufferArrayClass);
+                default: throw new RuntimeException("Unknown two-dimensional integer array type of element size " +
+                                                    bottomType.getSize(curMachDesc) + " and name " + bottomType.getName());
+              }
+            } else if (bottomType.isFloat()) {
+              return javaType(ArrayTypes.floatBufferArrayClass);
+            } else if (bottomType.isDouble()) {
+              return javaType(ArrayTypes.doubleBufferArrayClass);
+            } else {
+              throw new RuntimeException("Unexpected primitive type " + bottomType.getName() +
+                                         " in two-dimensional array");
+            }
+          } else if (bottomType.isVoid()) {
+            return javaType(ArrayTypes.bufferArrayClass);
+          } else if (targetType.isPointer() && (targetType.pointerDepth() == 1) &&
+                     targetType.asPointer().getTargetType().isCompound()) {
+            // Array of pointers; convert as array of StructAccessors
+            return JavaType.createForCArray(targetType);
+          } else {
+            throw new RuntimeException(
+              "Could not convert C type \"" + t + "\" " +
+              "to appropriate Java type; need to add more support for " +
+              "depth=2 pointer/array types [debug info: targetType=\"" +
+              targetType + "\"]");            
+          }
+        } else {
+          // can't handle this type of pointer/array argument
+          throw new RuntimeException(
+            "Could not convert C pointer/array \"" + t + "\" to " +
+            "appropriate Java type; types with pointer/array depth " +
+            "greater than 2 are not yet supported [debug info: " +
+            "pointerDepth=" + t.pointerDepth() + " arrayDimension=" +
+            t.arrayDimension() + " targetType=\"" + targetType + "\"]");
+        }
+        
+      } else {
+        throw new RuntimeException(
+          "Could not convert C type \"" + t + "\" (class " +
+          t.getClass().getName() + ") to appropriate Java type");
+      }
+    }    
+  }
+
+  private static boolean isIntegerType(Class c) {
+    return ((c == Byte.TYPE) ||
+            (c == Short.TYPE) ||
+            (c == Character.TYPE) ||
+            (c == Integer.TYPE) ||
+            (c == Long.TYPE));
+  }
+
+  private int slot(Type t, int byteOffset, MachineDescription curMachDesc) {
+    if (t.isInt()) {
+      switch ((int) t.getSize(curMachDesc)) {
+       case 1:  
+       case 2:  
+       case 4:  
+       case 8:  return byteOffset / (int) t.getSize(curMachDesc);
+       default: throw new RuntimeException("Illegal type");
+      }
+    } else if (t.isFloat()) {
+      return byteOffset / 4;
+    } else if (t.isDouble()) {
+      return byteOffset / 8;
+    } else if (t.isPointer()) {
+      return byteOffset / curMachDesc.pointerSizeInBytes();
+    } else {
+      throw new RuntimeException("Illegal type " + t);
+    }
+  }
+
+  private StructLayout getLayout() {
+    if (layout == null) {
+      layout = StructLayout.createForCurrentPlatform();
+    }
+    return layout;
+  }
+
+  protected PrintWriter openFile(String filename) throws IOException {
+    //System.out.println("Trying to open: " + filename);
+    File file = new File(filename);
+    String parentDir = file.getParent();
+    if (parentDir != null)
+    {
+      File pDirFile = new File(parentDir);
+      pDirFile.mkdirs();
+    }
+    return new PrintWriter(new BufferedWriter(new FileWriter(file)));
+  }
+
+  private boolean isOpaque(Type type) {
+    return (cfg.typeInfo(type, typedefDictionary) != null);
+  }
+
+  private String compatiblePrimitiveJavaTypeName(Type fieldType,
+                                                 JavaType javaType,
+                                                 MachineDescription curMachDesc) {
+    Class c = javaType.getJavaClass();
+    if (!isIntegerType(c)) {
+      // FIXME
+      throw new RuntimeException("Can't yet handle opaque definitions of structs' fields to non-integer types (byte, short, int, long, etc.)");
+    }
+    switch ((int) fieldType.getSize(curMachDesc)) {
+      case 1:  return "byte";
+      case 2:  return "short";
+      case 4:  return "int";
+      case 8:  return "long";
+      default: throw new RuntimeException("Can't handle opaque definitions if the starting type isn't compatible with integral types");
+    }
+  }
+
+  private void openWriters() throws IOException {
+    String jRoot = null;
+    if (cfg.allStatic() || cfg.emitInterface()) {
+      jRoot = cfg.javaOutputDir() + File.separator +
+        CodeGenUtils.packageAsPath(cfg.packageName());
+    }
+    String jImplRoot = null;
+    if (!cfg.allStatic()) {
+      jImplRoot =
+        cfg.javaOutputDir() + File.separator +
+        CodeGenUtils.packageAsPath(cfg.implPackageName());
+    }
+    String nRoot = cfg.nativeOutputDir();
+    if (cfg.nativeOutputUsesJavaHierarchy())
+    {
+      nRoot +=
+        File.separator + CodeGenUtils.packageAsPath(cfg.packageName());
+    }
+    
+    if (cfg.allStatic() || cfg.emitInterface()) {
+      javaWriter = openFile(jRoot + File.separator + cfg.className() + ".java");
+    }
+    if (!cfg.allStatic() && cfg.emitImpl()) {
+      javaImplWriter = openFile(jImplRoot + File.separator + cfg.implClassName() + ".java");
+    }
+    if (cfg.emitImpl()) {
+      cWriter = openFile(nRoot + File.separator + cfg.implClassName() + "_JNI.c");
+    }
+
+    if (javaWriter != null) {
+      CodeGenUtils.emitAutogeneratedWarning(javaWriter, this);
+    }
+    if (javaImplWriter != null) {
+      CodeGenUtils.emitAutogeneratedWarning(javaImplWriter, this);
+    }
+    if (cWriter != null) {
+      CodeGenUtils.emitAutogeneratedWarning(cWriter, this);
+    }
+  }
+
+  protected PrintWriter javaWriter() {
+    if (!cfg.allStatic() && !cfg.emitInterface()) {
+      throw new InternalError("Should not call this");
+    }
+    return javaWriter;
+  }
+
+  protected PrintWriter javaImplWriter() {
+    if (cfg.allStatic() || !cfg.emitImpl()) {
+      throw new InternalError("Should not call this");
+    }
+    return javaImplWriter;
+  }
+  
+  protected PrintWriter cWriter() {
+    if (!cfg.emitImpl()) {
+      throw new InternalError("Should not call this");
+    }
+    return cWriter;
+  }
+
+  private void closeWriter(PrintWriter writer) throws IOException {
+    writer.flush();
+    writer.close();
+  }
+
+  private void closeWriters() throws IOException {
+    if (javaWriter != null) {
+      closeWriter(javaWriter);
+    }
+    if (javaImplWriter != null) {
+      closeWriter(javaImplWriter);
+    }
+    if (cWriter != null) {
+      closeWriter(cWriter);
+    }
+    javaWriter = null;
+    javaImplWriter = null;
+    cWriter = null;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Returns the value that was specified by the configuration directive
+   * "JavaOutputDir", or the default if none was specified.
+   */
+  protected String getJavaOutputDir() {
+    return cfg.javaOutputDir();
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Returns the value that was specified by the configuration directive
+   * "Package", or the default if none was specified.
+   */
+  protected String getJavaPackageName() {
+    return cfg.packageName();
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Returns the value that was specified by the configuration directive
+   * "ImplPackage", or the default if none was specified.
+   */
+  protected String getImplPackageName() {
+    return cfg.implPackageName();
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Emit all the strings specified in the "CustomJavaCode" parameters of
+   * the configuration file.
+   */
+  protected void emitCustomJavaCode(PrintWriter writer, String className) throws Exception
+  {
+    List code = cfg.customJavaCodeForClass(className);
+    if (code.size() == 0)
+      return;
+
+    writer.println();
+    writer.println("  // --- Begin CustomJavaCode .cfg declarations"); 
+    for (Iterator iter = code.iterator(); iter.hasNext(); ) {
+      writer.println((String) iter.next());
+    }
+    writer.println("  // ---- End CustomJavaCode .cfg declarations"); 
+  }
+  
+  /**
+   * Write out any header information for the output files (class declaration
+   * and opening brace, import statements, etc).
+   */
+  protected void emitAllFileHeaders() throws IOException {    
+    try {    
+      if (cfg.allStatic() || cfg.emitInterface()) {
+        String[] interfaces;
+        List userSpecifiedInterfaces = null;
+        if (cfg.emitInterface()) {
+          userSpecifiedInterfaces = cfg.extendedInterfaces(cfg.className());
+        } else {
+          userSpecifiedInterfaces = cfg.implementedInterfaces(cfg.className());
+        }
+        interfaces = new String[userSpecifiedInterfaces.size()];
+        userSpecifiedInterfaces.toArray(interfaces);
+        
+        final List/*<String>*/ intfDocs = cfg.javadocForClass(cfg.className());
+        CodeGenUtils.EmissionCallback docEmitter =
+          new CodeGenUtils.EmissionCallback() {
+            public void emit(PrintWriter w) {
+              for (Iterator iter = intfDocs.iterator(); iter.hasNext(); ) {
+                w.println((String) iter.next());
+              }
+            }
+          };
+
+        CodeGenUtils.emitJavaHeaders(
+          javaWriter,
+          cfg.packageName(),
+          cfg.className(),
+          cfg.allStatic() ? true : false, 
+          (String[]) cfg.imports().toArray(new String[] {}),
+          new String[] { "public" },
+          interfaces,
+          null,
+          docEmitter);               
+      }
+    
+      if (!cfg.allStatic() && cfg.emitImpl()) {
+        final List/*<String>*/ implDocs = cfg.javadocForClass(cfg.implClassName());
+        CodeGenUtils.EmissionCallback docEmitter =
+          new CodeGenUtils.EmissionCallback() {
+            public void emit(PrintWriter w) {
+              for (Iterator iter = implDocs.iterator(); iter.hasNext(); ) {
+                w.println((String) iter.next());
+              }
+            }
+          };
+
+        String[] interfaces;
+        List userSpecifiedInterfaces = null;
+        userSpecifiedInterfaces = cfg.implementedInterfaces(cfg.implClassName());
+        int additionalNum = 0;
+        if (cfg.className() != null) {
+          additionalNum = 1;
+        }
+        interfaces = new String[additionalNum + userSpecifiedInterfaces.size()];
+        userSpecifiedInterfaces.toArray(interfaces);
+        if (additionalNum == 1) {
+          interfaces[userSpecifiedInterfaces.size()] = cfg.className();
+        }
+
+        CodeGenUtils.emitJavaHeaders(
+          javaImplWriter,
+          cfg.implPackageName(),
+          cfg.implClassName(),
+          true,
+          (String[]) cfg.imports().toArray(new String[] {}),
+          new String[] { "public" },
+          interfaces,
+          null,
+          docEmitter);                      
+      }
+          
+      if (cfg.emitImpl()) {
+        PrintWriter cWriter = cWriter();
+        emitCHeader(cWriter, cfg.implClassName());
+      }
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      throw new RuntimeException(
+        "Error emitting all file headers: cfg.allStatic()=" + cfg.allStatic() +
+        " cfg.emitImpl()=" + cfg.emitImpl() + " cfg.emitInterface()=" + cfg.emitInterface(),
+        e);       
+    }
+    
+  }
+  
+  protected void emitCHeader(PrintWriter cWriter, String className) {
+    cWriter.println("#include <jni.h>");
+    cWriter.println();
+
+    if (getConfig().emitImpl()) {
+      cWriter.println("#include <assert.h>"); 
+      cWriter.println();
+    }
+
+    for (Iterator iter = cfg.customCCode().iterator(); iter.hasNext(); ) {
+      cWriter.println((String) iter.next());
+    }
+    cWriter.println();
+  }
+  
+  /**
+   * Write out any footer information for the output files (closing brace of
+   * class definition, etc).
+   */
+  protected void emitAllFileFooters(){
+    if (cfg.allStatic() || cfg.emitInterface()) {
+      javaWriter().println();
+      javaWriter().println("} // end of class " + cfg.className());
+    }
+    if (!cfg.allStatic() && cfg.emitImpl())
+    {
+      javaImplWriter().println();
+      javaImplWriter().println("} // end of class " + cfg.implClassName());
+    }
+  }
+
+  private JavaType javaType(Class c) {
+    return JavaType.createForClass(c);
+  }
+
+  /** Maps the C types in the specified function to Java types through
+      the MethodBinding interface. Note that the JavaTypes in the
+      returned MethodBinding are "intermediate" JavaTypes (some
+      potentially representing C pointers rather than true Java types)
+      and must be lowered to concrete Java types before creating
+      emitters for them. */
+  private MethodBinding bindFunction(FunctionSymbol sym,
+                                     JavaType containingType,
+                                     Type containingCType,
+                                     MachineDescription curMachDesc) {
+
+    MethodBinding binding = new MethodBinding(sym, containingType, containingCType);
+    
+    binding.setRenamedMethodName(cfg.getJavaMethodRename(sym.getName()));
+    
+    if (cfg.returnsString(binding.getName())) {
+      PointerType prt = sym.getReturnType().asPointer();
+      if (prt == null ||
+          prt.getTargetType().asInt() == null ||
+          prt.getTargetType().getSize(curMachDesc) != 1) {
+        throw new RuntimeException(
+          "Cannot apply ReturnsString configuration directive to \"" + sym +
+          "\". ReturnsString requires native method to have return type \"char *\"");
+      }
+      binding.setJavaReturnType(javaType(java.lang.String.class));
+    } else {
+      binding.setJavaReturnType(typeToJavaType(sym.getReturnType(), false, curMachDesc));
+    }
+
+    // List of the indices of the arguments in this function that should be
+    // converted from byte[] to String
+    List stringArgIndices = cfg.stringArguments(binding.getName());
+
+    for (int i = 0; i < sym.getNumArguments(); i++) {
+      Type cArgType = sym.getArgumentType(i);
+      JavaType mappedType = typeToJavaType(cArgType, true, curMachDesc);
+      //System.out.println("C arg type -> \"" + cArgType + "\"" );
+      //System.out.println("      Java -> \"" + mappedType + "\"" );
+     
+      // Take into account any ArgumentIsString configuration directives that apply
+      if (stringArgIndices != null && stringArgIndices.contains(new Integer(i))) {   
+        //System.out.println("Forcing conversion of " + binding.getName() + " arg #" + i + " from byte[] to String ");
+        if (mappedType.isCVoidPointerType() ||
+            mappedType.isCCharPointerType() ||
+            (mappedType.isArray() && mappedType.getJavaClass() == ArrayTypes.byteBufferArrayClass)) {
+          // convert mapped type from void* and byte[] to String, or ByteBuffer[] to String[]
+          if (mappedType.getJavaClass() == ArrayTypes.byteBufferArrayClass) {
+            mappedType = javaType(ArrayTypes.stringArrayClass);
+          } else {         
+            mappedType = javaType(String.class);
+          }
+        }
+        else {
+        throw new RuntimeException(
+          "Cannot apply ArgumentIsString configuration directive to " +
+          "argument " + i + " of \"" + sym + "\": argument type is not " +
+          "a \"void*\", \"char *\", or \"char**\" equivalent");
+        }
+      }
+      binding.addJavaArgumentType(mappedType);
+      //System.out.println("During binding of [" + sym + "], added mapping from C type: " + cArgType + " to Java type: " + mappedType);
+    }
+
+    //System.err.println("---> " + binding);
+    //System.err.println("    ---> " + binding.getCSymbol());
+    return binding;
+  }
+  
+
+  private MethodBinding lowerMethodBindingPointerTypes(MethodBinding inputBinding,
+                                                       boolean convertToArrays,
+                                                       boolean[] canProduceArrayVariant) {
+    MethodBinding result = inputBinding;
+    boolean arrayPossible = false;
+    
+    for (int i = 0; i < inputBinding.getNumArguments(); i++) {
+      JavaType t = inputBinding.getJavaArgumentType(i);
+      if (t.isCPrimitivePointerType()) {
+        if (t.isCVoidPointerType()) {
+          // These are always bound to java.nio.Buffer
+          result = result.replaceJavaArgumentType(i, JavaType.forNIOBufferClass());
+        } else if (t.isCCharPointerType()) {
+          arrayPossible = true;
+          if (convertToArrays) {
+            result = result.replaceJavaArgumentType(i, javaType(ArrayTypes.byteArrayClass));
+          } else {
+            result = result.replaceJavaArgumentType(i, JavaType.forNIOByteBufferClass());
+          }
+        } else if (t.isCShortPointerType()) {
+          arrayPossible = true;
+          if (convertToArrays) {
+            result = result.replaceJavaArgumentType(i, javaType(ArrayTypes.shortArrayClass));
+          } else {
+            result = result.replaceJavaArgumentType(i, JavaType.forNIOShortBufferClass());
+          }
+        } else if (t.isCInt32PointerType()) {
+          arrayPossible = true;
+          if (convertToArrays) {
+            result = result.replaceJavaArgumentType(i, javaType(ArrayTypes.intArrayClass));
+          } else {
+            result = result.replaceJavaArgumentType(i, JavaType.forNIOIntBufferClass());
+          }
+        } else if (t.isCInt64PointerType()) {
+          arrayPossible = true;
+          if (convertToArrays) {
+            result = result.replaceJavaArgumentType(i, javaType(ArrayTypes.longArrayClass));
+          } else {
+            result = result.replaceJavaArgumentType(i, JavaType.forNIOLongBufferClass());
+          }
+        } else if (t.isCFloatPointerType()) {
+          arrayPossible = true;
+          if (convertToArrays) {
+            result = result.replaceJavaArgumentType(i, javaType(ArrayTypes.floatArrayClass));
+          } else {
+            result = result.replaceJavaArgumentType(i, JavaType.forNIOFloatBufferClass());
+          }
+        } else if (t.isCDoublePointerType()) {
+          arrayPossible = true;
+          if (convertToArrays) {
+            result = result.replaceJavaArgumentType(i, javaType(ArrayTypes.doubleArrayClass));
+          } else {
+            result = result.replaceJavaArgumentType(i, JavaType.forNIODoubleBufferClass());
+          }
+        } else {
+          throw new RuntimeException("Unknown C pointer type " + t);
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    // Always return primitive pointer types as NIO buffers
+    JavaType t = result.getJavaReturnType();
+    if (t.isCPrimitivePointerType()) {
+      if (t.isCVoidPointerType()) {
+        result = result.replaceJavaArgumentType(-1, JavaType.forNIOByteBufferClass());
+      } else if (t.isCCharPointerType()) {
+        result = result.replaceJavaArgumentType(-1, JavaType.forNIOByteBufferClass());
+      } else if (t.isCShortPointerType()) {
+        result = result.replaceJavaArgumentType(-1, JavaType.forNIOShortBufferClass());
+      } else if (t.isCInt32PointerType()) {
+        result = result.replaceJavaArgumentType(-1, JavaType.forNIOIntBufferClass());
+      } else if (t.isCInt64PointerType()) {
+        result = result.replaceJavaArgumentType(-1, JavaType.forNIOLongBufferClass());
+      } else if (t.isCFloatPointerType()) {
+        result = result.replaceJavaArgumentType(-1, JavaType.forNIOFloatBufferClass());
+      } else if (t.isCDoublePointerType()) {
+        result = result.replaceJavaArgumentType(-1, JavaType.forNIODoubleBufferClass());
+      } else {
+        throw new RuntimeException("Unknown C pointer type " + t);
+      }
+    }
+
+    if (canProduceArrayVariant != null) {
+      canProduceArrayVariant[0] = arrayPossible;
+    }
+
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  // Expands a MethodBinding containing C primitive pointer types into
+  // multiple variants taking Java primitive arrays and NIO buffers, subject
+  // to the per-function "NIO only" rule in the configuration file
+  protected List/*<MethodBinding>*/ expandMethodBinding(MethodBinding binding) {
+    List result = new ArrayList();
+    // Indicates whether it is possible to produce an array variant
+    // Prevents e.g. char* -> String conversions from emitting two entry points
+    boolean[] canProduceArrayVariant = new boolean[1];
+
+    if (binding.signatureUsesCPrimitivePointers() ||
+        binding.signatureUsesCVoidPointers() ||
+        binding.signatureUsesCArrays()) {
+      result.add(lowerMethodBindingPointerTypes(binding, false, canProduceArrayVariant));
+
+      // FIXME: should add new configuration flag for this
+      if (canProduceArrayVariant[0] &&
+          (binding.signatureUsesCPrimitivePointers() ||
+           binding.signatureUsesCArrays()) &&
+          !cfg.nioDirectOnly(binding.getName())) {
+        result.add(lowerMethodBindingPointerTypes(binding, true, null));
+      }
+    } else {
+      result.add(binding);
+    }
+
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  private String resultName() {
+    return "_res";
+  }
+
+  private Type canonicalize(Type t) {
+    Type res = (Type) canonMap.get(t);
+    if (res != null) {
+      return res;
+    }
+    canonMap.put(t, t);
+    return t;
+  }
+}