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@@ -33,138 +33,144 @@ OpenAL Tutorials from DevMaster.net. Reprinted with Permission.<br>
   Maurais</a><br>
   Adapted For Java By: <a href="mailto:[email protected]">Athomas Goldberg</a></p>
 <h1>A Look at Real-World Physics</h1>
-<p>I know this will be boring review for anyone with a course in high school 
-physics, but lets humour ourselves. The Doppler effect can be a very tricky 
-concept for some people, but it is a logical process, and kind of interesting 
-when you get right down to it. To begin understanding the Doppler effect we 
-first must start to understand what a &quot;sound&quot; really is. Basically a sound is 
-your minds interpretation of a compression wave that is traveling through the 
-air. Whenever the air becomes disturbed it starts a wave which compresses the 
-air particles around it. This wave travels outward from it's point of origin. 
-Consider the following diagram.</p>
-<p><img src="sound_waves.jpg" width="150" height="132" hspace="5" vspace="0" border="0" align="left">In this diagram 
-(on the left) the big red &quot;S&quot; stands for the sources position, and the big 
-red &quot;L&quot; stands for (you guessed it), the Listener's position. Both source and 
-Listener are not moving. The source is emitting compression waves outward, which 
-are represented in this diagram by the blue circles. The Listener is 
-experiencing the sound exactly as it is being made in this diagram. The Doppler 
-effect is not actually present in this example since there is no motion; the 
-Doppler effect only describes the warping of sound due to motion.</p>
-<p>What you should try to do is picture this diagram animated. When the source 
-emits a wave (the circles) it will look as though it is growing away from it's 
-point of origin, which is the sources position. A good example of a similar 
-effect is the ripples in a pond. When you throw a pebble into a calm body of 
-water it will emit waves which constantly move away from the point of impact. 
-Believe it or not this occurs from the exact same physical properties. But what 
-does this have to do with the Doppler effect? Check out the next diagram (on the 
-right).</p>
+<p align="justify">I know this will be boring review for anyone with a course 
+  in high school physics, but lets humour ourselves. The Doppler effect can be 
+  a very tricky concept for some people, but it is a logical process, and kind 
+  of interesting when you get right down to it. To begin understanding the Doppler 
+  effect we first must start to understand what a &quot;sound&quot; really is. 
+  Basically a sound is your minds interpretation of a compression wave that is 
+  traveling through the air. Whenever the air becomes disturbed it starts a wave 
+  which compresses the air particles around it. This wave travels outward from 
+  it's point of origin. Consider the following diagram.</p>
+<p align="justify"><img src="sound_waves.jpg" width="150" height="132" hspace="5" vspace="0" border="0" align="left">In 
+  this diagram (on the left) the big red &quot;S&quot; stands for the sources 
+  position, and the big red &quot;L&quot; stands for (you guessed it), the Listener's 
+  position. Both source and Listener are not moving. The source is emitting compression 
+  waves outward, which are represented in this diagram by the blue circles. The 
+  Listener is experiencing the sound exactly as it is being made in this diagram. 
+  The Doppler effect is not actually present in this example since there is no 
+  motion; the Doppler effect only describes the warping of sound due to motion.</p>
+<p align="justify">What you should try to do is picture this diagram animated. 
+  When the source emits a wave (the circles) it will look as though it is growing 
+  away from it's point of origin, which is the sources position. A good example 
+  of a similar effect is the ripples in a pond. When you throw a pebble into a 
+  calm body of water it will emit waves which constantly move away from the point 
+  of impact. Believe it or not this occurs from the exact same physical properties. 
+  But what does this have to do with the Doppler effect? Check out the next diagram 
+  (on the right).</p>
 
-<p>
-<img src="doppler_effect.jpg" width="150" height="132" hspace="5" border="0" align="right">Wow, what's going on here? The source is now in motion, indicated by the 
-little red arrow. In fact the source is now moving towards the Listener with an 
-implied velocity. Notice particularly that the waves (circles) are being 
-displaced inside each other. The displacement follows the approximate path of 
-the source which emits them. This is the key to the Doppler effect. Essentially 
-what has happened is that the source has emitted a wave at different points in 
-it's path of travel. The waves it emits do not move with it, but continue on 
-their own path of travel from the point they were emitted.</p>
-<p>So how does this effect the perceived sound by the Listener? Well, notice too 
-in the last diagram that the waves (circles) that are between the source and the 
-Listener are kind of compressed together. This will cause the sound waves to run 
-together, which in turn causes the perceived sound seem like it's faster. What 
-we are talking about here is frequency. The distances between the waves effects 
-the frequency of the sound. When the source that emits the sound is in motion, 
-it causes a change in frequency. You may notice too that distance between the 
-waves varies at different points in space. For example, on the opposite side of 
-the moving source (anywhere along the previous path of travel) the distances are 
-actually wider, so the frequency will be lower (the distance and frequency have 
-an inverse relationship). What this implies is that the frequency perceived by 
-the Listener is relative to where the Listener is standing. </p>
-<p>The motion of the Listener can also affect the frequency. This one is a 
-little harder to picture though. If the source is still, and the Listener is 
-moving toward the source, then the perceived frequency by the Listener will be 
-warped in the same exact manner that we described for the moving source. </p>
+<p align="justify"> <img src="doppler_effect.jpg" width="150" height="132" hspace="5" border="0" align="right">Wow, 
+  what's going on here? The source is now in motion, indicated by the little red 
+  arrow. In fact the source is now moving towards the Listener with an implied 
+  velocity. Notice particularly that the waves (circles) are being displaced inside 
+  each other. The displacement follows the approximate path of the source which 
+  emits them. This is the key to the Doppler effect. Essentially what has happened 
+  is that the source has emitted a wave at different points in it's path of travel. 
+  The waves it emits do not move with it, but continue on their own path of travel 
+  from the point they were emitted.</p>
+<p align="justify">So how does this effect the perceived sound by the Listener? 
+  Well, notice too in the last diagram that the waves (circles) that are between 
+  the source and the Listener are kind of compressed together. This will cause 
+  the sound waves to run together, which in turn causes the perceived sound seem 
+  like it's faster. What we are talking about here is frequency. The distances 
+  between the waves effects the frequency of the sound. When the source that emits 
+  the sound is in motion, it causes a change in frequency. You may notice too 
+  that distance between the waves varies at different points in space. For example, 
+  on the opposite side of the moving source (anywhere along the previous path 
+  of travel) the distances are actually wider, so the frequency will be lower 
+  (the distance and frequency have an inverse relationship). What this implies 
+  is that the frequency perceived by the Listener is relative to where the Listener 
+  is standing. </p>
+<p align="justify">The motion of the Listener can also affect the frequency. This 
+  one is a little harder to picture though. If the source is still, and the Listener 
+  is moving toward the source, then the perceived frequency by the Listener will 
+  be warped in the same exact manner that we described for the moving source. 
+</p>
 <p>If you still have trouble picturing this, consider the following two 
 diagrams:</p>
 <p align="center"><img border="0" src="sin_wave.jpg" width="255" height="135">&nbsp;&nbsp;
 <img border="0" src="compress_sin_wave.jpg" width="255" height="135"></p>
-<p>These two diagrams will represent the sound in the form of a sine wave. Look 
-at the first one. Think of the peaks as the instance of the wave. The very top 
-point of the wave will be the same as the instance of the blue circle in the 
-previous set of diagrams. The valleys will be like the spaces in between the 
-blue circles. The second diagram represents a compressed wave. When you compare 
-the two you will notice an obvious difference. The second diagram simply has 
-more wave occurrences in the same amount of space. Other ways of saying this are 
-that they occur more often, with a greater regularity, or with a greater 
-frequency. </p>
-<p>For anyone who is interested in some added information: The velocity of the 
-waves is the speed of sound. If the velocity of the source is greater than that 
-of the wave, then the source is breaking the sound barrier.</p>
+<p align="justify">These two diagrams will represent the sound in the form of 
+  a sine wave. Look at the first one. Think of the peaks as the instance of the 
+  wave. The very top point of the wave will be the same as the instance of the 
+  blue circle in the previous set of diagrams. The valleys will be like the spaces 
+  in between the blue circles. The second diagram represents a compressed wave. 
+  When you compare the two you will notice an obvious difference. The second diagram 
+  simply has more wave occurrences in the same amount of space. Other ways of 
+  saying this are that they occur more often, with a greater regularity, or with 
+  a greater frequency. </p>
+<p align="justify">For anyone who is interested in some added information: The 
+  velocity of the waves is the speed of sound. If the velocity of the source is 
+  greater than that of the wave, then the source is breaking the sound barrier.</p>
 <h1>The Physics of OpenAL</h1>
 
-<p>Ok, either you have understood my ramblings on the Doppler effect from above, 
-or you have skipped it because you already have full knowledge of the Doppler 
-effect and just want to know how it effects the OpenAL rendering pipeline. I 
-think the best start to his section will be to quote the OpenAL spec directly:</p>
+<p align="justify">Ok, either you have understood my ramblings on the Doppler 
+  effect from above, or you have skipped it because you already have full knowledge 
+  of the Doppler effect and just want to know how it effects the OpenAL rendering 
+  pipeline. I think the best start to his section will be to quote the OpenAL 
+  spec directly:</p>
 <blockquote>
-  <p><i>&quot;The Doppler Effect depends on the velocities of Source and Listener 
-  relative to the medium, and the propagation speed of sound in that medium.&quot; - 
-  chapter 3, subsection 7&quot;</i></p>
+  <p align="justify"><i>&quot;The Doppler Effect depends on the velocities of 
+    Source and Listener relative to the medium, and the propagation speed of sound 
+    in that medium.&quot; - chapter 3, subsection 7&quot;</i></p>
 </blockquote>
-<p>We can take this to mean that there are 3 factors which are going to affect 
-the final frequency of the sound heard by the Listener. These factors are the 
-velocity of the source, the velocity of the Listener, and a predefined speed of 
-sound. </p>
-<p>When we refer to a &quot;medium&quot;, what we mean is the kind of material that both 
-the source and Listener are &quot;in&quot;. For example, sounds that are heard from 
-underwater are much different than sounds that are heard in the open air. Air 
-and water are examples of different mediums. The reason that sound is so 
-different between these mediums has to do with the particle density. As we said 
-before, sound is nothing but the motion of particles in the air. In a medium 
-with a much greater particle density the sound will be much different because 
-the particles are in closer contact. When they are in closer contact it allows 
-for the wave to travel much better. As an example of the opposite, think of 
-outer space. In outer space there is an extremely low particle density. In fact 
-there is only a few very light particles (mostly hydrogen) scattered about. This 
-is why no sound can be heard from space. </p>
+<p align="justify">We can take this to mean that there are 3 factors which are 
+  going to affect the final frequency of the sound heard by the Listener. These 
+  factors are the velocity of the source, the velocity of the Listener, and a 
+  predefined speed of sound. </p>
+<p align="justify">When we refer to a &quot;medium&quot;, what we mean is the 
+  kind of material that both the source and Listener are &quot;in&quot;. For example, 
+  sounds that are heard from underwater are much different than sounds that are 
+  heard in the open air. Air and water are examples of different mediums. The 
+  reason that sound is so different between these mediums has to do with the particle 
+  density. As we said before, sound is nothing but the motion of particles in 
+  the air. In a medium with a much greater particle density the sound will be 
+  much different because the particles are in closer contact. When they are in 
+  closer contact it allows for the wave to travel much better. As an example of 
+  the opposite, think of outer space. In outer space there is an extremely low 
+  particle density. In fact there is only a few very light particles (mostly hydrogen) 
+  scattered about. This is why no sound can be heard from space. </p>
 
-<p>Ok, lets get back on topic. OpenAL calculates the Doppler effect internally 
-for us, so we need only define a few parameters that will effect the 
-calculation. We would do this in case we don't want a realistic rendering. 
-Rather if want to exaggerate or deemphasize the effect. The calculation goes 
-like this.</p>
+<p align="justify">Ok, lets get back on topic. OpenAL calculates the Doppler effect 
+  internally for us, so we need only define a few parameters that will effect 
+  the calculation. We would do this in case we don't want a realistic rendering. 
+  Rather if want to exaggerate or deemphasize the effect. The calculation goes 
+  like this.</p>
 <p><span class="codeNormal">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; shift = DOPPLER_FACTOR * freq * (DOPPLER_VELOCITY 
 - l.velocity) / (DOPPLER_VELOCITY + s.velocity)</span></p>
-<p>Constants are written in all caps to differentiate. The &quot;l&quot; and &quot;s&quot; variables 
-are the Listener and source respectively. &quot;freq&quot; is the initial unaltered 
-frequency of the emitting wave, and &quot;shift&quot; is the altered frequency of the 
-wave. The term &quot;shift&quot; is the proper way to address the altered frequency and 
-will be used from now on. This final shifted frequency will be sampled by OpenAL 
-for all audio streaming that is affected. </p>
+<p align="justify">Constants are written in all caps to differentiate. The &quot;l&quot; 
+  and &quot;s&quot; variables are the Listener and source respectively. &quot;freq&quot; 
+  is the initial unaltered frequency of the emitting wave, and &quot;shift&quot; 
+  is the altered frequency of the wave. The term &quot;shift&quot; is the proper 
+  way to address the altered frequency and will be used from now on. This final 
+  shifted frequency will be sampled by OpenAL for all audio streaming that is 
+  affected. </p>
 
-<p>We already know that we can define the velocity of both source and Listener 
-by using the 'AL_VELOCITY' field to 'alListenerfv' and 'alSourcefv'. The 'freq' 
-parameter comes straight from the buffer properties when it was loaded from 
-file. To set the constant values the following functions are provided for us.</p>
+<p align="justify">We already know that we can define the velocity of both source 
+  and Listener by using the 'AL_VELOCITY' field to 'alListenerfv' and 'alSourcefv'. 
+  The 'freq' parameter comes straight from the buffer properties when it was loaded 
+  from file. To set the constant values the following functions are provided for 
+  us.</p>
 <pre class=code><font color="#0000FF">public void </font>alDopplerFactor(<font color="#0000FF">float</font> factor);
 <font color="#0000FF">public void </font>alDopplerVelocity(<font color="#0000FF">float</font> velocity);
 </pre>
-<p>For 'alDopplerFactor' any non-negative value will suffice. Passing a negative 
-value will raise an error of 'AL_INVALID_VALUE', and the whole command will be 
-ignored. Passing zero is a perfectly valid argument. Doing this will disable the 
-Doppler effect and may in fact help overall performance (but won't be as 
-realistic). The effect of the Doppler factor will directly change the magnitude 
-of the equation. A value of 1.0 will not change the effect at all. Passing 
-anything between 0.0 and 1.0 will minimize the Doppler effect, and anything 
-greater than 1.0 will maximize the effect. </p>
-<p>For 'alDopplerVelocity' any non-negative non-zero value will suffice. Passing 
-either a negative or a zero will raise an error of 'AL_INVALID_VALUE', and the 
-whole command will be ignored. The Doppler velocity is essentially the speed of 
-sound. Setting this will be like setting how fast sound can move through the 
-medium. OpenAL has no sense of medium, but setting the velocity will give the 
-effect of a medium. OpenAL also has no sense of units (kilometer, miles, 
-parsecs), so keep that in mind when you set this value so it is consistent with 
-all other notions of units that you have defined.</p></p>
+<p align="justify">For 'alDopplerFactor' any non-negative value will suffice. 
+  Passing a negative value will raise an error of 'AL_INVALID_VALUE', and the 
+  whole command will be ignored. Passing zero is a perfectly valid argument. Doing 
+  this will disable the Doppler effect and may in fact help overall performance 
+  (but won't be as realistic). The effect of the Doppler factor will directly 
+  change the magnitude of the equation. A value of 1.0 will not change the effect 
+  at all. Passing anything between 0.0 and 1.0 will minimize the Doppler effect, 
+  and anything greater than 1.0 will maximize the effect. </p>
+<p align="justify">For 'alDopplerVelocity' any non-negative non-zero value will 
+  suffice. Passing either a negative or a zero will raise an error of 'AL_INVALID_VALUE', 
+  and the whole command will be ignored. The Doppler velocity is essentially the 
+  speed of sound. Setting this will be like setting how fast sound can move through 
+  the medium. OpenAL has no sense of medium, but setting the velocity will give 
+  the effect of a medium. OpenAL also has no sense of units (kilometer, miles, 
+  parsecs), so keep that in mind when you set this value so it is consistent with 
+  all other notions of units that you have defined.</p>
+</p>
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