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<p align="left" class="title"><span class="title"><font size="5"><h1>Single Static
Source</h1></font></span><font size="4">
<h2>Lesson 1</h2></font></p>
<p align="right" class="title"> <span class="author">Author: <a href="mailto:lightonthewater@hotmail.com"><font color="#888888">Jesse
Maurais<br>
</font></a></span>Adapted for Java by: <a href="mailto:athomas@dev.java.net"><font color="#888888">Athomas
Goldberg</font></a>
</p>
<p><a href="../../../joal/www/jnlp-files/joal-lesson1.jnlp">Launch the Demo via Java Web Start</a></p>
<p align="justify">Welcome to the exciting world of OpenAL! OpenAL is still in
a stage of growth, and even though there is an ever larger following to the
API it still hasn't reached it's full potential. One of the big reasons for
this is that there is still not yet hardware acceleration built in for specific
cards. However, Creative Labs is a major contributor to the OpenAL project and
also happens to be one of the largest soundcard manufacturers. So there is a
promise of hardware accelerated features in the near future. OpenAL's only other
major contributor, Loki, has gone the way of the dinosaur. So the future of
OpenAL on Linux platforms is uncertain. You can still obtain the Linux binaries
on some more obscure websites.</p>
<p align="justify">OpenAL has also not been seen in many major commercial products,
which may have also hurt it's growth. As far as I know the only pc game to use
OpenAL has been Metal Gear 2 (although recently I've discovered that Unreal
2 does as well). The popular modeling program, Blender3D, was also known to
use OpenAL for all it's audio playback. Aside from these however the only other
OpenAL uses have been in the sdk examples and a few obscure tutorials on the
internet.</p>
<p align="justify">But lets face it, OpenAL has a lot of potential. There are
many other audio libraries that claim to work with the hardware on a lower level
(and this may be true), but the designers of OpenAL did several things in it's
design which make it a superior API. First of all they emulated the OpenGL API
which is one of the best ever designed. The API style is flexible, so different
coding methods and hardware implementations will take advantage of this. People
who have had a lot of experience with OpenGL will be able to pick up OpenAL
quite fast. OpenAL also has the advantage of creating 3D surround sound which
a lot of other API's cannot boast. On top of all of that it also has the ability
to extend itself into EAX and AC3 flawlessly. To my knowledge no other audio
library has that capability.</p>
<p align="justify">If you still haven't found a reason here to use OpenAL then
here's another. It's just cool. It's a nice looking API and will integrate well
into your code. You will be able to do many cool sound effects with it. But
before we do that we have to learn the basics.</p>
<p>So let's get coding!</p>
<pre class=code><font color="#0000FF">import</font> net.java.games.joal.*;
<font color="#0000FF">import</font> net.java.games.joal.util.*;
<font color="#0000FF">import</font> java.io.*;
<font color="#0000FF">import</font> java.nio.ByteBuffer;</pre>
<pre class=code><font color="#0000FF">public</font> <font color="#0000FF">class</font> SingleStaticSource {
<font color="#0000FF"><span class=codeComment>static</span></font><span class=codeComment> AL al = ALFactory.getAL();
<font color="#006600">// Buffers hold sound data.</font></span>
<font color="#0000FF"> static int</font>[] buffer = new <font color="#0000FF">int</font>[1];;
<span class=codeComment><font color="#006600"> // Sources are points emitting sound.</font></span>
<font color="#0000FF"> static int</font>[] source = <font color="#0000FF">new</font> <font color="#0000FF">int</font>[1];
</pre>
<p align="justify">Those familiar with OpenGL know that it uses "texture
objects" (or "texture names") to handle textures used by a program.
OpenAL does a similar thing with audio samples. There are essentially 3 kinds
of objects in OpenAL. A buffer which stores all the information about how a
sound should be played and the sound data itself, and a source which is a point
in space that emits a sound. It's important to understand that a source is not
itself an audio sample. A source only plays back sound data from a buffer bound
to it. The source is also given special properties like position and velocity.
</p>
<p align="justify">The third object which I have not mentioned yet is the listener.
There is only one listener which represents where 'you' are, the user. The listener
properties along with the source properties determine how the audio sample will
be heard. For example their relative positions will determine the intensity
of the sound.</p>
<pre class=code>
<span class=codeComment><font color="#006600"> // Position of the source sound.</font></span>
<font color="#0000FF"><span class=codeComment><font color="#006600"> </font></span>static float</font>[] sourcePos = { 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f };
<font color="#006600">
<span class=codeComment><font color="#006600"> </font>// Velocity of the source sound.</span></font>
<font color="#0000FF"><span class=codeComment><font color="#006600"> </font></span>static float</font>[] sourceVel = { 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f };
<span class=codeComment><font color="#006600"> </font><font color="#006600">// Position of the listener.</font></span>
<span class=codeComment><font color="#006600"> </font></span><font color="#0000FF">static float</font>[] listenerPos = { 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f };
<span class=codeComment><font color="#006600"> </font><font color="#006600">// Velocity of the listener.</font></span>
<span class=codeComment><font color="#006600"> </font></span><font color="#0000FF">static float</font>[] listenerVel = { 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f };
<span class=codeComment><font color="#006600"> </font><font color="#006600">// Orientation of the listener. (first 3 elements are "at", second 3 are "up")</font></span>
<span class=codeComment><font color="#006600"> </font></span><font color="#0000FF">static float</font>[] listenerOri = { 0.0f, 0.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f };
</pre>
<p align="justify">In the above code we specify the position and velocity of the
source and listener objects. These arrays are vector based Cartesian coordinates.
You could easily build a structure or class to do the same thing. In this example
I used arrays for simplicity.</p>
<p>Here we will create a function that loads all of our sound data from a file.
</p>
<pre class=code><span class=codeComment><font color="#006600"> </font></span><font color="#0000FF">static int</font> LoadALData() {
<span class=codeComment><font color="#006600"> </font><font color="#006600"> </font><font color="#006600">// variables to load into</font>
<font color="#006600"> </font><font color="#006600"> </font><font color="#0000FF">int</font>[] format = <font color="#0000FF">new int</font>[1];<br><font color="#006600"> </font><font color="#006600"> </font><font color="#0000FF">int</font>[] size = <font color="#0000FF">new int</font>[1];<br><font color="#006600"> </font><font color="#006600"> </font>ByteBuffer[] data = <font color="#0000FF">new</font> ByteBuffer[1];<br><font color="#006600"> </font><font color="#006600"> </font><font color="#0000FF">int</font>[] freq = new <font color="#0000FF">int</font>[1];
<font color="#006600"> </font><font color="#006600"> </font><font color="#0000FF">int</font>[] loop = new <font color="#0000FF">int</font>[1];<br></span>
<span class=codeComment><font color="#006600"> </font></span><span class=codeComment><font color="#006600"> </font></span><font color="#006600">// Load wav data into a buffer.</font>
<span class=codeComment><font color="#006600"> </font></span><span class=codeComment><font color="#006600"> </font></span>al.alGenBuffers(1, buffer);
<span class=codeComment><font color="#006600"> </font></span><span class=codeComment><font color="#006600"> </font></span><span class=codeKeyword>if</span> (al.alGetError() != AL.AL_NO_ERROR)
<span class=codeComment><font color="#006600"> </font></span><span class=codeComment><font color="#006600"> </font></span><span class=codeComment><font color="#006600"> </font></span><span class=codeKeyword>return</span> AL.AL_FALSE;
<span class=codeComment><font color="#006600"> </font></span><span class=codeComment><font color="#006600"> </font></span>ALut.alutLoadWAVFile("wavdata/FancyPants.wav", format, data, size, freq, loop);
<span class=codeComment><font color="#006600"> </font></span><span class=codeComment><font color="#006600"> </font></span>al.alBufferData(buffer[0], format[0], data[0], size[0], freq[0]);
<span class=codeComment><font color="#006600"> </font></span><span class=codeComment><font color="#006600"> </font></span>ALut.alutUnloadWAV(format[0],data[0],size[0],freq[0]);
</pre>
<p align="justify">The function 'alGenBuffers' will create the buffer objects
and store them in the variable we passed it. It's important to do an error check
to make sure everything went smoothly. There may be a case in which OpenAL could
not generate a buffer object due to a lack of memory. In this case it would
set the error bit.</p>
<p align="justify">The ALut is very helpful here. It opens up the file for us
and gives us all the information we need to create the buffer. And after we
have attached all this data to the buffer it will help use dispose of the data.
It all works in a clean and efficient manner.</p>
<pre>
<span class=codeComment><font color="#006600"> </font></span><span class=codeComment><font color="#006600"> </font></span><font color="#006600">// Bind buffer with a source.</font>
<span class=codeComment><font color="#006600"> </font></span><span class=codeComment><font color="#006600"> </font></span>al.alGenSources(1, source);
<span class=codeComment><font color="#006600"> </font></span><span class=codeComment><font color="#006600"> </font></span><span class=codeKeyword>if</span> (al.alGetError() != AL.AL_NO_ERROR)
<span class=codeComment><font color="#006600"> </font></span><span class=codeKeyword>return</span> AL.AL_FALSE;
<span class=codeComment><font color="#006600"> </font></span>al.alSourcei (source[0], AL.AL_BUFFER, buffer[0] );
<span class=codeComment><font color="#006600"> </font></span> al.alSourcef (source[0], AL.AL_PITCH, 1.0f );
<span class=codeComment><font color="#006600"> </font></span> al.alSourcef (source[0], AL.AL_GAIN, 1.0f );
<span class=codeComment><font color="#006600"> </font></span> al.alSourcefv(source[0], AL.AL_POSITION, sourcePos);
<span class=codeComment><font color="#006600"> </font></span> al.alSourcefv(source[0], AL.AL_VELOCITY, sourceVel);
<span class=codeComment><font color="#006600"> </font></span> al.alSourcei (source[0], AL.AL_LOOPING, loop[0] );</pre>
<p align="justify">We generate a source object in the same manner we generated
the buffer object. Then we define the source properties that it will use when
it's in playback. The most important of these properties is the buffer it should
use. This tells the source which audio sample to playback. In this case we only
have one so we bind it. We also tell the source it's position and velocity which
we defined earlier.</p>
<p align="justify">One more thing on 'alGenBuffers' and 'alGenSources'. In some
example code I have seen these functions will return an integer value for the
number of buffers/sources created. I suppose this was meant as an error checking
feature that was left out in a later version. If you see this done in other
code don't use it yourself. If you want to do this check, use 'alGetError' instead
(like we have done above).</p>
<pre class=code>
<span class=codeComment><font color="#006600"> </font></span><span class=codeComment><font color="#006600"> </font></span><font color="#006600">// Do another error check and return.</font>
<span class=codeComment><font color="#006600"> </font></span><font color="#0000FF">if</font>(al.alGetError() == AL.AL_NO_ERROR)
<span class=codeComment><font color="#006600"> </font></span><span class=codeComment><font color="#006600"> </font></span><span class=codeComment><font color="#006600"> </font></span><font color="#0000FF">return</font> AL.AL_TRUE;
<span class=codeComment><font color="#006600"> </font></span><span class=codeComment><font color="#006600"> </font></span><span class=codeKeyword><font color="#0000FF">return</font></span> AL.AL_FALSE;
<span class=codeComment><font color="#006600"> </font></span>}
</pre>
<p>To end the function we just do one more check to make sure all is well, then
we return success.</p>
<pre class=code><font color="#0000FF"><span class=codeComment><font color="#006600"> </font></span>static <span class=codeKeyword>void</span> </font>setListenerValues() {
<span class=codeComment><font color="#006600"> </font></span><span class=codeComment><font color="#006600"> </font></span>al.alListenerfv(AL.AL_POSITION, listenerPos);
<span class=codeComment><font color="#006600"> </font></span><span class=codeComment><font color="#006600"> </font></span>al.alListenerfv(AL.AL_VELOCITY, listenerVel);
<span class=codeComment><font color="#006600"> </font></span><span class=codeComment><font color="#006600"> </font></span>al.alListenerfv(AL.AL_ORIENTATION, listenerOri);
<span class=codeComment><font color="#006600"> </font></span>}
</pre>
<p>We created this function to update the listener properties.</p>
<pre class=code><font color="#0000FF"><span class=codeComment><font color="#006600"> </font></span>static <span class=codeKeyword>void</span> </font>killALData() {
<span class=codeComment><font color="#006600"> </font></span><span class=codeComment><font color="#006600"> </font></span>al.alDeleteBuffers(1, buffer);
<span class=codeComment><font color="#006600"> </font></span><span class=codeComment><font color="#006600"> </font></span>al.alDeleteSources(1, source);
<span class=codeComment><font color="#006600"> </font></span><span class=codeComment><font color="#006600"> </font></span>Alut.alutExit();
<span class=codeComment><font color="#006600"> </font></span>}
</pre>
<p>This will be our shutdown procedure. It is necessary to call this to release
all the memory and audio devices that our program may be using.</p>
<pre class=code><font color="#0000FF"><span class=codeComment><font color="#006600"> </font></span>public static void main</font>(<span class=codeKeyword>String[] args</span>) {
<span class=codeComment><font color="#006600"> </font></span><span class=codeComment><font color="#006600"> </font></span><span class=codeComment><font color="#006600">// Initialize OpenAL and clear the error bit.</font></span>
<span class=codeComment>
<font color="#006600"> </font><font color="#006600"> </font>ALut.alutInit();</span>
<span class=codeComment><font color="#006600"> </font></span><span class=codeComment><font color="#006600"> </font></span>al.alGetError();
</pre>
<p align="justify">The function 'alutInit' will setup everything that the Alc
needs to do for us. Basically Alut creates a single OpenAL context through Alc
and sets it to current. On the Windows platform it initializes DirectSound.
We also do an initial call to the error function to clear it. Every time we
call 'glGetError' it will reset itself to 'AL_NO_ERROR'.</p>
<pre class=code>
<span class=codeComment><font color="#006600"> </font><font color="#006600"> </font><font color="#006600">// Load the wav data.</font></span>
<span class=codeComment><font color="#006600"> </font></span><span class=codeComment><font color="#006600"> </font></span><span class=codeKeyword><font color="#0000FF">if</font></span> (loadALData() == AL.AL_FALSE)
<span class=codeComment><font color="#006600"> </font></span><span class=codeComment><font color="#006600"> </font></span><span class=codeComment><font color="#006600"> </font></span><span class=codeKeyword><font color="#0000FF">return</font></span> -1;
<span class=codeComment><font color="#006600"> </font></span><span class=codeComment><font color="#006600"> </font></span>setListenerValues();
<span class=codeComment><font color="#006600"> </font></span><span class=codeComment><font color="#006600"> </font></span><span class=codeComment><font color="#006600">// Setup an exit procedure.</font></span>
<span class=codeComment><font color="#006600"> </font></span><span class=codeComment><font color="#006600"> </font></span>Runtime runtime = Runtime.getRuntime();
<span class=codeComment><font color="#006600"> </font></span><span class=codeComment><font color="#006600"> </font></span>runtime.addShutdownHook(
<span class=codeComment><font color="#006600"> </font></span><span class=codeComment><font color="#006600"> </font></span><span class=codeComment><font color="#006600"> </font></span><font color="#0000FF">new</font> Thread(
<span class=codeComment><font color="#006600"> </font></span><span class=codeComment><font color="#006600"> </font></span><span class=codeComment><font color="#006600"> </font></span><span class=codeComment><font color="#006600"> </font></span><font color="#0000FF">new</font> Runnable() {
<span class=codeComment><font color="#006600"> </font></span><span class=codeComment><font color="#006600"> </font></span><span class=codeComment><font color="#006600"> </font></span><span class=codeComment><font color="#006600"> </font></span><span class=codeComment><font color="#006600"> </font></span><font color="#0000FF">public void</font> run() {
<span class=codeComment><font color="#006600"> </font></span><span class=codeComment><font color="#006600"> </font></span><span class=codeComment><font color="#006600"> </font></span><span class=codeComment><font color="#006600"> </font></span><span class=codeComment><font color="#006600"> </font></span><span class=codeComment><font color="#006600"> </font></span>killAllData();
<span class=codeComment><font color="#006600"> </font></span><span class=codeComment><font color="#006600"> </font></span><span class=codeComment><font color="#006600"> </font></span><span class=codeComment><font color="#006600"> </font></span><span class=codeComment><font color="#006600"> </font></span>}
<span class=codeComment><font color="#006600"> </font></span><span class=codeComment><font color="#006600"> </font></span><span class=codeComment><font color="#006600"> </font></span><span class=codeComment><font color="#006600"> </font></span>}
<span class=codeComment><font color="#006600"> </font></span><span class=codeComment><font color="#006600"> </font></span><span class=codeComment><font color="#006600"> </font></span>)
<span class=codeComment><font color="#006600"> </font></span><span class=codeComment><font color="#006600"> </font></span>);
</pre>
<p align="justify">We will check to see if the wav files loaded correctly. If not we must exit the program. Then we update the listener values,
and finally we set our exit procedure.</p>
<pre class=code><font color="#0000FF"> char</font>[] c = new <font color="#0000FF">char</font>[1];
<font color="#0000FF"> </font><font color="#0000FF"> while</font>(c[0] != 'q') {
<font color="#0000FF"> </font><font color="#0000FF"> </font><font color="#0000FF">try</font> {
<font color="#0000FF"> </font><font color="#0000FF"> </font><font color="#0000FF"> </font>BufferedReader buf =
<font color="#0000FF"> </font><font color="#0000FF"> </font><font color="#0000FF"> </font><font color="#0000FF"> </font><font color="#0000FF">new</font> BufferedReader(<font color="#0000FF">new</font> InputStreamReader(System.in));
<font color="#0000FF"> </font><font color="#0000FF"> </font><font color="#0000FF"> </font>System.out.println("Press a key and hit ENTER: " +
<font color="#0000FF"> </font><font color="#0000FF"> </font><font color="#0000FF"> </font><font color="#0000FF"> </font><font color="#0000FF"> </font><font color="#0000FF"> </font><font color="#0000FF"> </font><font color="#0000FF"> </font>"'p' to play, 's' to stop, 'h' to pause and 'q' to quit");
<font color="#0000FF"> </font><font color="#0000FF"> </font><font color="#0000FF"> </font>buf.read(c);
<font color="#0000FF"> </font><font color="#0000FF"> </font><font color="#0000FF"> </font><font color="#0000FF">switch</font>(c[0]) {
<font color="#0000FF"> </font><font color="#0000FF"> </font><font color="#0000FF"> </font><font color="#0000FF"> </font><font color="#0000FF">case</font> 'p':
<font color="#0000FF"> </font><font color="#0000FF"> </font><font color="#0000FF"> </font><font color="#0000FF"> </font><font color="#0000FF"> </font><font color="#006600">// Pressing 'p' will begin playing the sample.</font>
<font color="#0000FF"> </font><font color="#0000FF"> </font><font color="#0000FF"> </font><font color="#0000FF"> </font><font color="#0000FF"> </font>al.alSourcePlay(source[0]);
<font color="#0000FF"> </font><font color="#0000FF"> </font><font color="#0000FF"> </font><font color="#0000FF"> </font><font color="#0000FF"> </font><font color="#0000FF">break</font>;
<font color="#0000FF"> </font><font color="#0000FF"> </font><font color="#0000FF"> </font><font color="#0000FF"> </font><font color="#0000FF">case</font> 's':
<font color="#0000FF"> </font><font color="#0000FF"> </font><font color="#0000FF"> </font><font color="#0000FF"> </font><font color="#0000FF"> </font><font color="#006600">// Pressing 's' will stop the sample from playing.</font>
<font color="#0000FF"> </font><font color="#0000FF"> </font><font color="#0000FF"> </font><font color="#0000FF"> </font><font color="#0000FF"> </font>alSourceStop(source[0]);
<font color="#0000FF"> </font><font color="#0000FF"> </font><font color="#0000FF"> </font><font color="#0000FF"> </font><font color="#0000FF"> </font><font color="#0000FF">break</font>;
<font color="#0000FF"> </font><font color="#0000FF"> </font><font color="#0000FF"> </font><font color="#0000FF"> </font><font color="#0000FF">case</font> 'h':
<font color="#0000FF"> </font><font color="#0000FF"> </font><font color="#0000FF"> </font><font color="#0000FF"> </font><font color="#0000FF"> </font><font color="#006600">// Pressing 'n' will pause (hold) the sample.</font>
<font color="#0000FF"> </font><font color="#0000FF"> </font><font color="#0000FF"> </font><font color="#0000FF"> </font><font color="#0000FF"> </font>alSourcePause(source[0]);
<font color="#0000FF"> </font><font color="#0000FF"> </font><font color="#0000FF"> </font><font color="#0000FF"> </font><font color="#0000FF"> </font><font color="#0000FF">break</font>;
<font color="#0000FF"> </font><font color="#0000FF"> </font><font color="#0000FF"> </font><font color="#0000FF"> </font>}
<font color="#0000FF"> </font><font color="#0000FF"> </font>} <font color="#0000FF">catch</font> (IOException e) {
System.exit(1);
<font color="#0000FF"> </font><font color="#0000FF"> </font>}
<font color="#0000FF"> </font>}
}
</pre>
<p align="justify">This is the interesting part of the tutorial. It's a very basic
loop that lets us control the playback of the audio sample. Pressing 'p' will
replay the sample, pressing 's' will stop the sample, and pressing 'h' will
pause the sample. Pressing 'q' will exit the program.</p>
<p align="justify">Well there it is. Your first delve into OpenAL. I hope it was
made simple enough for you. It may have been a little too simple for the 1337
h4X0r, but we all got to start somewhere. Things will get more advanced as we
go along.</p>
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