Graph: Region: Add perf counter (w/ API); Utilize put[34][sif](..); Fix indices growBufferSize(); Add GLRegion.create(..) w/ initial vertices/indices count; Up default[VI]Count;

Following heuristcs were found, hence we might want to calculate these for each font (TODO):

    /**
     * Heuristics with TestTextRendererNEWT00 text_1 + text_2 = 1334 chars
     * - FreeSans     ~ vertices  64/char, indices 33/char
     * - Ubuntu Light ~ vertices 100/char, indices 50/char
     * - FreeSerif    ~ vertices 115/char, indices 61/char
     *
     * Now let's assume a minimum of 10 chars will be rendered
     */

5 files changed, 353 insertions, 108 deletions

diff --git a/src/jogl/classes/com/jogamp/graph/curve/Region.java b/src/jogl/classes/com/jogamp/graph/curve/Region.java
index 8843188b4..01bdba633 100644
--- a/src/jogl/classes/com/jogamp/graph/curve/Region.java
+++ b/src/jogl/classes/com/jogamp/graph/curve/Region.java
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /**
- * Copyright 2010 JogAmp Community. All rights reserved.
+ * Copyright 2010-2023 JogAmp Community. All rights reserved.
  *
  * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are
  * permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
@@ -30,6 +30,7 @@ package com.jogamp.graph.curve;
 import java.io.PrintStream;
 import java.util.ArrayList;
 import java.util.List;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
 
 import jogamp.opengl.Debug;
 
@@ -193,10 +194,18 @@ public abstract class Region {
      */
     public final boolean usesI32Idx() { return this.use_int32_idx; }
 
-    protected abstract void growBufferSize(int verticeCount, int indexCount);
+    /**
+     * Allow the renderer buffers to pre-emptively grow for given vertices- and index counts.
+     * @param verticeCount number of vertices to hold
+     * @param indexCount number of indices to hold
+     */
+    public abstract void growBufferSize(int verticeCount, int indexCount);
 
     protected abstract void pushVertex(final float[] coords, final float[] texParams, float[] rgba);
+    protected abstract void pushVertices(final float[] coords1, final float[] coords2, final float[] coords3,
+                                         final float[] texParams1, final float[] texParams2, final float[] texParams3, float[] rgba);
     protected abstract void pushIndex(int idx);
+    protected abstract void pushIndices(int idx1, int idx2, int idx3);
 
     /**
      * Return bit-field of render modes, see {@link GLRegion#create(GLProfile, int, TextureSequence)}.
@@ -265,32 +274,121 @@ public abstract class Region {
         this.frustum = frustum;
     }
 
-    final float[] coordsEx = new float[3];
-
     private void pushNewVertexImpl(final Vertex vertIn, final AffineTransform transform, final float[] rgba) {
         if( null != transform ) {
+            final float[] coordsEx1 = new float[3];
             final float[] coordsIn = vertIn.getCoord();
-            transform.transform(coordsIn, coordsEx);
-            coordsEx[2] = coordsIn[2];
-            box.resize(coordsEx[0], coordsEx[1], coordsEx[2]);
-            pushVertex(coordsEx, vertIn.getTexCoord(), rgba);
+            transform.transform(coordsIn, coordsEx1);
+            coordsEx1[2] = coordsIn[2];
+            box.resize(coordsEx1);
+            pushVertex(coordsEx1, vertIn.getTexCoord(), rgba);
         } else {
-            box.resize(vertIn.getX(), vertIn.getY(), vertIn.getZ());
+            box.resize(vertIn.getCoord());
             pushVertex(vertIn.getCoord(), vertIn.getTexCoord(), rgba);
         }
         numVertices++;
     }
 
+    private void pushNewVerticesImpl(final Vertex vertIn1, final Vertex vertIn2, final Vertex vertIn3, final AffineTransform transform, final float[] rgba) {
+        if( null != transform ) {
+            final float[] coordsEx1 = new float[3];
+            final float[] coordsEx2 = new float[3];
+            final float[] coordsEx3 = new float[3];
+            final float[] coordsIn1 = vertIn1.getCoord();
+            final float[] coordsIn2 = vertIn2.getCoord();
+            final float[] coordsIn3 = vertIn3.getCoord();
+            transform.transform(coordsIn1, coordsEx1);
+            transform.transform(coordsIn2, coordsEx2);
+            transform.transform(coordsIn3, coordsEx3);
+            coordsEx1[2] = coordsIn1[2];
+            coordsEx2[2] = coordsIn2[2];
+            coordsEx3[2] = coordsIn3[2];
+            box.resize(coordsEx1);
+            box.resize(coordsEx2);
+            box.resize(coordsEx3);
+            pushVertices(coordsEx1,             coordsEx2,             coordsEx3,
+                         vertIn1.getTexCoord(), vertIn2.getTexCoord(), vertIn3.getTexCoord(), rgba);
+        } else {
+            box.resize(vertIn1.getCoord());
+            box.resize(vertIn2.getCoord());
+            box.resize(vertIn3.getCoord());
+            pushVertices(vertIn1.getCoord(),    vertIn2.getCoord(),    vertIn3.getCoord(),
+                         vertIn1.getTexCoord(), vertIn2.getTexCoord(), vertIn3.getTexCoord(), rgba);
+        }
+        numVertices+=3;
+    }
+
+    @SuppressWarnings("unused")
     private void pushNewVertexIdxImpl(final Vertex vertIn, final AffineTransform transform, final float[] rgba) {
         pushIndex(numVertices);
         pushNewVertexImpl(vertIn, transform, rgba);
     }
+    private void pushNewVerticesIdxImpl(final Vertex vertIn1, final Vertex vertIn2, final Vertex vertIn3, final AffineTransform transform, final float[] rgba) {
+        pushIndices(numVertices, numVertices+1, numVertices+2);
+        pushNewVerticesImpl(vertIn1, vertIn2, vertIn3, transform, rgba);
+    }
 
     private final AABBox tmpBox = new AABBox();
 
     protected static final int GL_UINT16_MAX = 0xffff; // 65,535
     protected static final int GL_INT32_MAX = 0x7fffffff; // 2,147,483,647
 
+    static class Perf {
+        long t0, t1;
+        long tac_ns_vertices = 0;
+        long tac_ns_push_idx = 0;
+        long tac_ns_push_vertidx = 0;
+        long tac_ns_triangles = 0;
+        long tac_ns_total = 0;
+        long tac_count = 0;
+
+        public void print(final PrintStream out) {
+            out.printf("Region.add(): count %3d, total %5d [ms], per-add %4.2f [ns]%n", tac_count, TimeUnit.NANOSECONDS.toMillis(tac_ns_total), ((double)tac_ns_total/(double)tac_count));
+            out.printf("                  vertices %5d [ms], per-add %4.2f [ns]%n", TimeUnit.NANOSECONDS.toMillis(tac_ns_vertices), ((double)tac_ns_vertices/(double)tac_count));
+            out.printf("                  push_idx %5d [ms], per-add %4.2f [ns]%n", TimeUnit.NANOSECONDS.toMillis(tac_ns_push_idx), ((double)tac_ns_push_idx/(double)tac_count));
+            out.printf("              push_vertidx %5d [ms], per-add %4.2f [ns]%n", TimeUnit.NANOSECONDS.toMillis(tac_ns_push_vertidx), ((double)tac_ns_push_vertidx/(double)tac_count));
+            out.printf("                 triangles %5d [ms], per-add %4.2f [ns]%n", TimeUnit.NANOSECONDS.toMillis(tac_ns_triangles), ((double)tac_ns_triangles/(double)tac_count));
+        }
+
+        public void clear() {
+            t0 = 0; t1 = 0;
+            tac_ns_vertices = 0;
+            tac_ns_push_idx = 0;
+            tac_ns_push_vertidx = 0;
+            tac_ns_triangles = 0;
+            tac_ns_total = 0;
+            tac_count = 0;
+        }
+    }
+    Perf perf = null;
+
+    /** Enable or disable performance counter for {@link #addOutlineShape(OutlineShape, AffineTransform, float[])}. */
+    public void enablePerf(final boolean enable) {
+        if( enable ) {
+            if( null != perf ) {
+                perf.clear();
+            } else {
+                perf = new Perf();
+            }
+        } else {
+            perf = null;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /** Clear performance counter for {@link #addOutlineShape(OutlineShape, AffineTransform, float[])}. */
+    public void clearPerf() {
+        if( null != perf ) {
+            perf.clear();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /** Print performance counter for {@link #addOutlineShape(OutlineShape, AffineTransform, float[])}. */
+    public void printPerf(final PrintStream out) {
+        if( null != perf ) {
+            perf.print(out);
+        }
+    }
+
     /**
      * Add the given {@link OutlineShape} to this region with the given optional {@link AffineTransform}.
      * <p>
@@ -301,6 +399,10 @@ public abstract class Region {
      * @param rgbaColor TODO
      */
     public final void addOutlineShape(final OutlineShape shape, final AffineTransform t, final float[] rgbaColor) {
+        if( null != perf ) {
+            ++perf.tac_count;
+            perf.t0 = System.nanoTime();
+        }
         if( null != frustum ) {
             final AABBox shapeBox = shape.getBounds();
             final AABBox shapeBoxT;
@@ -342,6 +444,10 @@ public abstract class Region {
                 pushNewVertexImpl(vertsIn.get(i), t, rgbaColor);
                 vertsVNewIdxCount++;
             }
+            if( null != perf ) {
+                perf.t1 = System.nanoTime();
+                perf.tac_ns_vertices += perf.t1-perf.t0;
+            }
             if(DEBUG_INSTANCE) {
                 System.err.println("Region.addOutlineShape(): Processing Triangles");
             }
@@ -359,22 +465,39 @@ public abstract class Region {
                     if(Region.DEBUG_INSTANCE) {
                         System.err.println("T["+i+"]: Moved "+tv0Idx+" + "+idxOffset+" -> "+(tv0Idx+idxOffset));
                     }
-                    pushIndex(tv0Idx+idxOffset);
-                    pushIndex(triInVertices[1].getId()+idxOffset);
-                    pushIndex(triInVertices[2].getId()+idxOffset);
+                    if( null != perf ) {
+                        final long tpi = System.nanoTime();
+                        pushIndices(tv0Idx+idxOffset,
+                                    triInVertices[1].getId()+idxOffset,
+                                    triInVertices[2].getId()+idxOffset);
+                        perf.tac_ns_push_idx += System.nanoTime() - tpi;
+                    } else {
+                        pushIndices(tv0Idx+idxOffset,
+                                    triInVertices[1].getId()+idxOffset,
+                                    triInVertices[2].getId()+idxOffset);
+                    }
                     vertsTMovIdxCount+=3;
                 } else {
                     // FIXME: Invalid idx - generate new one
-                    if(Region.DEBUG_INSTANCE) {
+                    if( Region.DEBUG_INSTANCE) {
                         System.err.println("T["+i+"]: New Idx "+numVertices);
                     }
-                    pushNewVertexIdxImpl(triInVertices[0], t, rgbaColor);
-                    pushNewVertexIdxImpl(triInVertices[1], t, rgbaColor);
-                    pushNewVertexIdxImpl(triInVertices[2], t, rgbaColor);
+                    if( null != perf ) {
+                        final long tpvi = System.nanoTime();
+                        pushNewVerticesIdxImpl(triInVertices[0], triInVertices[1], triInVertices[2], t, rgbaColor);
+                        perf.tac_ns_push_vertidx += System.nanoTime() - tpvi;
+                    } else {
+                        pushNewVerticesIdxImpl(triInVertices[0], triInVertices[1], triInVertices[2], t, rgbaColor);
+                    }
                     vertsTNewIdxCount+=3;
                 }
                 tris++;
             }
+            if( null != perf ) {
+                final long t2 = System.nanoTime();
+                perf.tac_ns_triangles += t2-perf.t1;
+                perf.tac_ns_total += t2-perf.t0;
+            }
         }
         if(DEBUG_INSTANCE) {
             System.err.println("Region.addOutlineShape().X: idx[ui32 "+usesI32Idx()+", offset "+idxOffset+"], tris: "+tris+", verts [idx "+vertsTNewIdxCount+", add "+vertsTNewIdxCount+" = "+(vertsVNewIdxCount+vertsTNewIdxCount)+"]");
diff --git a/src/jogl/classes/com/jogamp/graph/curve/opengl/GLRegion.java b/src/jogl/classes/com/jogamp/graph/curve/opengl/GLRegion.java
index 69638f60e..9baa99420 100644
--- a/src/jogl/classes/com/jogamp/graph/curve/opengl/GLRegion.java
+++ b/src/jogl/classes/com/jogamp/graph/curve/opengl/GLRegion.java
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /**

- * Copyright 2010 JogAmp Community. All rights reserved.

+ * Copyright 2010-2023 JogAmp Community. All rights reserved.

  *

  * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are

  * permitted provided that the following conditions are met:

@@ -30,6 +30,7 @@ package com.jogamp.graph.curve.opengl;
 import com.jogamp.opengl.GL;

 import com.jogamp.opengl.GL2ES2;

 import com.jogamp.opengl.GLArrayData;

+import com.jogamp.opengl.util.GLArrayDataEditable;

 import com.jogamp.opengl.GLProfile;

 

 import jogamp.graph.curve.opengl.VBORegion2PMSAAES2;

@@ -42,7 +43,6 @@ import com.jogamp.graph.curve.Region;
 

 import java.io.PrintStream;

 

-import com.jogamp.common.nio.Buffers;

 import com.jogamp.graph.curve.OutlineShape;

 

 /** A GLRegion is the OGL binding of one or more OutlineShapes

@@ -59,6 +59,25 @@ import com.jogamp.graph.curve.OutlineShape;
 public abstract class GLRegion extends Region {

 

     /**

+     * Heuristics with TestTextRendererNEWT00 text_1 + text_2 = 1334 chars

+     * - FreeSans     ~ vertices  64/char, indices 33/char

+     * - Ubuntu Light ~ vertices 100/char, indices 50/char

+     * - FreeSerif    ~ vertices 115/char, indices 61/char

+     *

+     * Now let's assume a minimum of 10 chars will be rendered

+     */

+

+    /**

+     * Default initial vertices count based on 10 chars w/ FreeSans @ 64 vertices/char avg.

+     */

+    public static final int defaultVerticesCount = 10*64;

+

+    /**

+     * Default initial indices count based on 10 chars w/ FreeSans @ 33 indices/char avg.

+     */

+    public static final int defaultIndicesCount = 10*33;

+

+    /**

      * Create a GLRegion using the passed render mode

      *

      * <p> In case {@link Region#VBAA_RENDERING_BIT} is being requested the default texture unit

@@ -66,22 +85,37 @@ public abstract class GLRegion extends Region {
      * @param glp intended GLProfile to use. Instance may use higher OpenGL features if indicated by GLProfile.

      * @param renderModes bit-field of modes, e.g. {@link Region#VARWEIGHT_RENDERING_BIT}, {@link Region#VBAA_RENDERING_BIT}

      * @param colorTexSeq optional {@link TextureSequence} for {@link Region#COLORTEXTURE_RENDERING_BIT} rendering mode.

+     * @param initialVerticesCount initial number of vertices in the render-buffer

+     * @param initialIndicesCount initial number of indices in the render-buffer

      */

-    public static GLRegion create(final GLProfile glp, int renderModes, final TextureSequence colorTexSeq) {

+    public static GLRegion create(final GLProfile glp, int renderModes, final TextureSequence colorTexSeq, final int initialVerticesCount, final int initialIndicesCount) {

         if( null != colorTexSeq ) {

             renderModes |= Region.COLORTEXTURE_RENDERING_BIT;

         } else if( Region.hasColorTexture(renderModes) ) {

             throw new IllegalArgumentException("COLORTEXTURE_RENDERING_BIT set but null TextureSequence");

         }

         if( isVBAA(renderModes) ) {

-            return new VBORegion2PVBAAES2(glp, renderModes, colorTexSeq, Region.DEFAULT_TWO_PASS_TEXTURE_UNIT);

+            return new VBORegion2PVBAAES2(glp, renderModes, colorTexSeq, Region.DEFAULT_TWO_PASS_TEXTURE_UNIT, initialVerticesCount, initialIndicesCount);

         } else if( isMSAA(renderModes) ) {

-            return new VBORegion2PMSAAES2(glp, renderModes, colorTexSeq, Region.DEFAULT_TWO_PASS_TEXTURE_UNIT);

+            return new VBORegion2PMSAAES2(glp, renderModes, colorTexSeq, Region.DEFAULT_TWO_PASS_TEXTURE_UNIT, initialVerticesCount, initialIndicesCount);

         } else {

-            return new VBORegionSPES2(glp, renderModes, colorTexSeq);

+            return new VBORegionSPES2(glp, renderModes, colorTexSeq, initialVerticesCount, initialIndicesCount);

         }

     }

 

+    /**

+     * Create a GLRegion using the passed render mode

+     *

+     * <p> In case {@link Region#VBAA_RENDERING_BIT} is being requested the default texture unit

+     * {@link Region#DEFAULT_TWO_PASS_TEXTURE_UNIT} is being used.</p>

+     * @param glp intended GLProfile to use. Instance may use higher OpenGL features if indicated by GLProfile.

+     * @param renderModes bit-field of modes, e.g. {@link Region#VARWEIGHT_RENDERING_BIT}, {@link Region#VBAA_RENDERING_BIT}

+     * @param colorTexSeq optional {@link TextureSequence} for {@link Region#COLORTEXTURE_RENDERING_BIT} rendering mode.

+     */

+    public static GLRegion create(final GLProfile glp, final int renderModes, final TextureSequence colorTexSeq) {

+        return GLRegion.create(glp, renderModes, colorTexSeq, defaultVerticesCount, defaultIndicesCount);

+    }

+

     private final int gl_idx_type;

     protected final TextureSequence colorTexSeq;

 

@@ -118,10 +152,14 @@ public abstract class GLRegion extends Region {
     }

 

     /**

-     * Clears all data, i.e. triangles, vertices etc.

+     * Clears all buffers, i.e. triangles, vertices etc and and resets states accordingly, see {@link GLArrayDataEditable#clear(GL)}.

+     * <p>

+     * This method does not actually erase the data in the buffer and will most often be used when erasing the underlying memory is suitable.

+     * </p>

      *

      * @param gl the current {@link GL2ES2} object

      * @return this {@link GLRegion} for chaining.

+     * @see GLArrayDataEditable#clear(GL)

      */

     public GLRegion clear(final GL2ES2 gl) {

         clearImpl(gl);

diff --git a/src/jogl/classes/jogamp/graph/curve/opengl/VBORegion2PMSAAES2.java b/src/jogl/classes/jogamp/graph/curve/opengl/VBORegion2PMSAAES2.java
index d948a06b4..b7a244f81 100644
--- a/src/jogl/classes/jogamp/graph/curve/opengl/VBORegion2PMSAAES2.java
+++ b/src/jogl/classes/jogamp/graph/curve/opengl/VBORegion2PMSAAES2.java
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /**
- * Copyright 2010 JogAmp Community. All rights reserved.
+ * Copyright 2010-2023 JogAmp Community. All rights reserved.
  *
  * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are
  * permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
@@ -31,7 +31,6 @@ import java.io.PrintStream;
 import java.nio.FloatBuffer;
 
 import com.jogamp.opengl.GL2ES2;
-import com.jogamp.opengl.GLArrayData;
 import com.jogamp.opengl.GLProfile;
 import com.jogamp.opengl.GL;
 import com.jogamp.opengl.GLUniformData;
@@ -46,7 +45,6 @@ import com.jogamp.opengl.FBObject;
 import com.jogamp.opengl.FBObject.Attachment;
 import com.jogamp.opengl.math.FloatUtil;
 import com.jogamp.opengl.math.geom.AABBox;
-import com.jogamp.opengl.util.GLArrayDataClient;
 import com.jogamp.opengl.util.GLArrayDataServer;
 import com.jogamp.opengl.util.glsl.ShaderProgram;
 import com.jogamp.opengl.util.texture.Texture;
@@ -138,26 +136,27 @@ public class VBORegion2PMSAAES2  extends GLRegion {
         }
     }
 
-    public VBORegion2PMSAAES2(final GLProfile glp, final int renderModes, final TextureSequence colorTexSeq, final int pass2TexUnit) {
+    public VBORegion2PMSAAES2(final GLProfile glp, final int renderModes, final TextureSequence colorTexSeq, final int pass2TexUnit,
+                              final int initialVerticesCount, final int initialIndicesCount)
+    {
         super(glp, renderModes, colorTexSeq);
 
         rsLocal = new RenderState.ProgramLocal();
 
-        final int initialElementCount = 256;
         // We leave GLArrayDataClient.DEFAULT_GROWTH_FACTOR intact for avg +19% size, but 15% less CPU overhead compared to 1.2 (19% total)
 
         // Pass 1:
-        indicesBuffer = GLArrayDataServer.createData(3, glIdxType(), initialElementCount, GL.GL_STATIC_DRAW, GL.GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER);
+        indicesBuffer = GLArrayDataServer.createData(3, glIdxType(), initialIndicesCount, GL.GL_STATIC_DRAW, GL.GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER);
 
         gca_VerticesAttr = GLArrayDataServer.createGLSL(AttributeNames.VERTEX_ATTR_NAME, 3, GL.GL_FLOAT,
-                                                      false, initialElementCount, GL.GL_STATIC_DRAW);
+                                                      false, initialVerticesCount, GL.GL_STATIC_DRAW);
 
         gca_CurveParamsAttr = GLArrayDataServer.createGLSL(AttributeNames.CURVEPARAMS_ATTR_NAME, 3, GL.GL_FLOAT,
-                                                       false, initialElementCount, GL.GL_STATIC_DRAW);
+                                                       false, initialVerticesCount, GL.GL_STATIC_DRAW);
 
         if( hasColorChannel() ) {
             gca_ColorsAttr = GLArrayDataServer.createGLSL(AttributeNames.COLOR_ATTR_NAME, 4, GL.GL_FLOAT,
-                                                          false, initialElementCount, GL.GL_STATIC_DRAW);
+                                                          false, initialVerticesCount, GL.GL_STATIC_DRAW);
         } else {
             gca_ColorsAttr = null;
         }
@@ -196,8 +195,8 @@ public class VBORegion2PMSAAES2  extends GLRegion {
     }
 
     @Override
-    protected void growBufferSize(final int verticeCount, final int indexCount) {
-        indicesBuffer.growIfNeeded(indexCount);
+    public void growBufferSize(final int verticeCount, final int indexCount) {
+        indicesBuffer.growIfNeeded(indexCount * indicesBuffer.getCompsPerElem());
         gca_VerticesAttr.growIfNeeded(verticeCount * gca_VerticesAttr.getCompsPerElem());
         gca_CurveParamsAttr.growIfNeeded(verticeCount * gca_CurveParamsAttr.getCompsPerElem());
         if( null != gca_ColorsAttr ) {
@@ -225,7 +224,7 @@ public class VBORegion2PMSAAES2  extends GLRegion {
     @Override
     public void printBufferStats(final PrintStream out) {
         final int[] size= { 0 }, capacity= { 0 };
-        out.println("VBORegion2PMSAAES2:");
+        out.println("VBORegion2PMSAAES2: idx32 "+usesI32Idx());
         printAndCount(out, "  indices ", indicesBuffer, size, capacity);
         out.println();
         printAndCount(out, "  vertices ", gca_VerticesAttr, size, capacity);
@@ -241,20 +240,36 @@ public class VBORegion2PMSAAES2  extends GLRegion {
 
     @Override
     protected final void pushVertex(final float[] coords, final float[] texParams, final float[] rgba) {
-        gca_VerticesAttr.putf(coords[0]);
-        gca_VerticesAttr.putf(coords[1]);
-        gca_VerticesAttr.putf(coords[2]);
-
-        gca_CurveParamsAttr.putf(texParams[0]);
-        gca_CurveParamsAttr.putf(texParams[1]);
-        gca_CurveParamsAttr.putf(texParams[2]);
+        // NIO array[3] is much slows than group/single
+        // gca_VerticesAttr.putf(coords, 0, 3);
+        // gca_CurveParamsAttr.putf(texParams, 0, 3);
+        gca_VerticesAttr.put3f(coords[0], coords[1], coords[2]);
+        gca_CurveParamsAttr.put3f(texParams[0], texParams[1], texParams[2]);
+        if( null != gca_ColorsAttr ) {
+            if( null != rgba ) {
+                // gca_ColorsAttr.putf(rgba, 0, 4);
+                gca_ColorsAttr.put4f(rgba[0], rgba[1], rgba[2], rgba[3]);
+            } else {
+                throw new IllegalArgumentException("Null color given for COLOR_CHANNEL rendering mode");
+            }
+        }
+    }
 
+    @Override
+    protected final void pushVertices(final float[] coords1, final float[] coords2, final float[] coords3,
+                                      final float[] texParams1, final float[] texParams2, final float[] texParams3, final float[] rgba) {
+        gca_VerticesAttr.put3f(coords1[0], coords1[1], coords1[2]);
+        gca_VerticesAttr.put3f(coords2[0], coords2[1], coords2[2]);
+        gca_VerticesAttr.put3f(coords3[0], coords3[1], coords3[2]);
+        gca_CurveParamsAttr.put3f(texParams1[0], texParams1[1], texParams1[2]);
+        gca_CurveParamsAttr.put3f(texParams2[0], texParams2[1], texParams2[2]);
+        gca_CurveParamsAttr.put3f(texParams3[0], texParams3[1], texParams3[2]);
         if( null != gca_ColorsAttr ) {
             if( null != rgba ) {
-                gca_ColorsAttr.putf(rgba[0]);
-                gca_ColorsAttr.putf(rgba[1]);
-                gca_ColorsAttr.putf(rgba[2]);
-                gca_ColorsAttr.putf(rgba[3]);
+                final float r=rgba[0], g=rgba[1], b=rgba[2], a=rgba[3];
+                gca_ColorsAttr.put4f(r, g, b, a);
+                gca_ColorsAttr.put4f(r, g, b, a);
+                gca_ColorsAttr.put4f(r, g, b, a);
             } else {
                 throw new IllegalArgumentException("Null color given for COLOR_CHANNEL rendering mode");
             }
@@ -271,6 +286,15 @@ public class VBORegion2PMSAAES2  extends GLRegion {
     }
 
     @Override
+    protected final void pushIndices(final int idx1, final int idx2, final int idx3) {
+        if( usesI32Idx() ) {
+            indicesBuffer.put3i(idx1, idx2, idx3);
+        } else {
+            indicesBuffer.put3s((short)idx1, (short)idx2, (short)idx3);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
     protected void updateImpl(final GL2ES2 gl) {
         // seal buffers
         indicesBuffer.seal(gl, true);
diff --git a/src/jogl/classes/jogamp/graph/curve/opengl/VBORegion2PVBAAES2.java b/src/jogl/classes/jogamp/graph/curve/opengl/VBORegion2PVBAAES2.java
index dc7bc692a..2998f3fe1 100644
--- a/src/jogl/classes/jogamp/graph/curve/opengl/VBORegion2PVBAAES2.java
+++ b/src/jogl/classes/jogamp/graph/curve/opengl/VBORegion2PVBAAES2.java
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /**
- * Copyright 2010 JogAmp Community. All rights reserved.
+ * Copyright 2010-2023 JogAmp Community. All rights reserved.
  *
  * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are
  * permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
@@ -174,34 +174,19 @@ public class VBORegion2PVBAAES2  extends GLRegion {
         }
     }
 
-    public VBORegion2PVBAAES2(final GLProfile glp, final int renderModes, final TextureSequence colorTexSeq, final int pass2TexUnit) {
+    // private static final float growthFactor = 1.2f; // avg +5% size but 15% more overhead (34% total)
+    private static final float growthFactor = GLArrayDataClient.DEFAULT_GROWTH_FACTOR; // avg +20% size, but 15% less CPU overhead compared to 1.2 (19% total)
+
+    public VBORegion2PVBAAES2(final GLProfile glp, final int renderModes, final TextureSequence colorTexSeq, final int pass2TexUnit,
+                              final int initialVerticesCount, final int initialIndicesCount)
+    {
         super(glp, renderModes, colorTexSeq);
 
         rsLocal = new RenderState.ProgramLocal();
 
-        final int initialElementCount = 256;
-        // final float growthFactor = 1.2f; // avg +5% size but 15% more overhead (34% total)
-        final float growthFactor = GLArrayDataClient.DEFAULT_GROWTH_FACTOR; // avg +20% size, but 15% less CPU overhead compared to 1.2 (19% total)
-
         // Pass 1:
-        indicesBuffer = GLArrayDataServer.createData(3, glIdxType(), initialElementCount, GL.GL_STATIC_DRAW, GL.GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER);
-        indicesBuffer.setGrowthFactor(growthFactor);
-
-        gca_VerticesAttr = GLArrayDataServer.createGLSL(AttributeNames.VERTEX_ATTR_NAME, 3, GL.GL_FLOAT,
-                                                        false, initialElementCount, GL.GL_STATIC_DRAW);
-        gca_VerticesAttr.setGrowthFactor(growthFactor);
-
-        gca_CurveParamsAttr = GLArrayDataServer.createGLSL(AttributeNames.CURVEPARAMS_ATTR_NAME, 3, GL.GL_FLOAT,
-                                                           false, initialElementCount, GL.GL_STATIC_DRAW);
-        gca_CurveParamsAttr.setGrowthFactor(growthFactor);
+        growBufferSize(initialVerticesCount, initialIndicesCount);
 
-        if( hasColorChannel() ) {
-            gca_ColorsAttr = GLArrayDataServer.createGLSL(AttributeNames.COLOR_ATTR_NAME, 4, GL.GL_FLOAT,
-                                                          false, initialElementCount, GL.GL_STATIC_DRAW);
-            gca_ColorsAttr.setGrowthFactor(growthFactor);
-        } else {
-            gca_ColorsAttr = null;
-        }
         if( hasColorTexture() ) {
             gcu_ColorTexUnit = new GLUniformData(UniformNames.gcu_ColorTexUnit, colorTexSeq.getTextureUnit());
             colorTexBBox = new float[4];
@@ -238,11 +223,35 @@ public class VBORegion2PVBAAES2  extends GLRegion {
     }
 
     @Override
-    protected void growBufferSize(final int verticeCount, final int indexCount) {
-        indicesBuffer.growIfNeeded(indexCount);
-        gca_VerticesAttr.growIfNeeded(verticeCount * gca_VerticesAttr.getCompsPerElem());
-        gca_CurveParamsAttr.growIfNeeded(verticeCount * gca_CurveParamsAttr.getCompsPerElem());
-        if( null != gca_ColorsAttr ) {
+    public void growBufferSize(final int verticeCount, final int indexCount) {
+        if(null == indicesBuffer ) {
+            indicesBuffer = GLArrayDataServer.createData(3, glIdxType(), indexCount, GL.GL_STATIC_DRAW, GL.GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER);
+            indicesBuffer.setGrowthFactor(growthFactor);
+        } else {
+            indicesBuffer.growIfNeeded(indexCount * indicesBuffer.getCompsPerElem());
+        }
+        if( null == gca_VerticesAttr ) {
+            gca_VerticesAttr = GLArrayDataServer.createGLSL(AttributeNames.VERTEX_ATTR_NAME, 3, GL.GL_FLOAT,
+                                                            false, verticeCount, GL.GL_STATIC_DRAW);
+            gca_VerticesAttr.setGrowthFactor(growthFactor);
+        } else {
+            gca_VerticesAttr.growIfNeeded(verticeCount * gca_VerticesAttr.getCompsPerElem());
+        }
+        if( null == gca_CurveParamsAttr ) {
+            gca_CurveParamsAttr = GLArrayDataServer.createGLSL(AttributeNames.CURVEPARAMS_ATTR_NAME, 3, GL.GL_FLOAT,
+                                                               false, verticeCount, GL.GL_STATIC_DRAW);
+            gca_CurveParamsAttr.setGrowthFactor(growthFactor);
+        } else {
+            gca_CurveParamsAttr.growIfNeeded(verticeCount * gca_CurveParamsAttr.getCompsPerElem());
+        }
+
+        if( null == gca_ColorsAttr ) {
+            if( hasColorChannel() ) {
+                gca_ColorsAttr = GLArrayDataServer.createGLSL(AttributeNames.COLOR_ATTR_NAME, 4, GL.GL_FLOAT,
+                                                              false, verticeCount, GL.GL_STATIC_DRAW);
+                gca_ColorsAttr.setGrowthFactor(growthFactor);
+            }
+        } else {
             gca_ColorsAttr.growIfNeeded(verticeCount * gca_ColorsAttr.getCompsPerElem());
         }
     }
@@ -254,7 +263,7 @@ public class VBORegion2PVBAAES2  extends GLRegion {
             // Thread.dumpStack();
         }
         if( null != indicesBuffer ) {
-            indicesBuffer.clear(gl);;
+            indicesBuffer.clear(gl);
         }
         if( null != gca_VerticesAttr ) {
             gca_VerticesAttr.clear(gl);
@@ -271,7 +280,7 @@ public class VBORegion2PVBAAES2  extends GLRegion {
     @Override
     public void printBufferStats(final PrintStream out) {
         final int[] size= { 0 }, capacity= { 0 };
-        out.println("VBORegion2PVBAAES2:");
+        out.println("VBORegion2PVBAAES2: idx32 "+usesI32Idx());
         printAndCount(out, "  indices ", indicesBuffer, size, capacity);
         out.println();
         printAndCount(out, "  vertices ", gca_VerticesAttr, size, capacity);
@@ -287,20 +296,36 @@ public class VBORegion2PVBAAES2  extends GLRegion {
 
     @Override
     protected final void pushVertex(final float[] coords, final float[] texParams, final float[] rgba) {
-        gca_VerticesAttr.putf(coords[0]);
-        gca_VerticesAttr.putf(coords[1]);
-        gca_VerticesAttr.putf(coords[2]);
-
-        gca_CurveParamsAttr.putf(texParams[0]);
-        gca_CurveParamsAttr.putf(texParams[1]);
-        gca_CurveParamsAttr.putf(texParams[2]);
+        // NIO array[3] is much slows than group/single
+        // gca_VerticesAttr.putf(coords, 0, 3);
+        // gca_CurveParamsAttr.putf(texParams, 0, 3);
+        gca_VerticesAttr.put3f(coords[0], coords[1], coords[2]);
+        gca_CurveParamsAttr.put3f(texParams[0], texParams[1], texParams[2]);
+        if( null != gca_ColorsAttr ) {
+            if( null != rgba ) {
+                // gca_ColorsAttr.putf(rgba, 0, 4);
+                gca_ColorsAttr.put4f(rgba[0], rgba[1], rgba[2], rgba[3]);
+            } else {
+                throw new IllegalArgumentException("Null color given for COLOR_CHANNEL rendering mode");
+            }
+        }
+    }
 
+    @Override
+    protected final void pushVertices(final float[] coords1, final float[] coords2, final float[] coords3,
+                                      final float[] texParams1, final float[] texParams2, final float[] texParams3, final float[] rgba) {
+        gca_VerticesAttr.put3f(coords1[0], coords1[1], coords1[2]);
+        gca_VerticesAttr.put3f(coords2[0], coords2[1], coords2[2]);
+        gca_VerticesAttr.put3f(coords3[0], coords3[1], coords3[2]);
+        gca_CurveParamsAttr.put3f(texParams1[0], texParams1[1], texParams1[2]);
+        gca_CurveParamsAttr.put3f(texParams2[0], texParams2[1], texParams2[2]);
+        gca_CurveParamsAttr.put3f(texParams3[0], texParams3[1], texParams3[2]);
         if( null != gca_ColorsAttr ) {
             if( null != rgba ) {
-                gca_ColorsAttr.putf(rgba[0]);
-                gca_ColorsAttr.putf(rgba[1]);
-                gca_ColorsAttr.putf(rgba[2]);
-                gca_ColorsAttr.putf(rgba[3]);
+                final float r=rgba[0], g=rgba[1], b=rgba[2], a=rgba[3];
+                gca_ColorsAttr.put4f(r, g, b, a);
+                gca_ColorsAttr.put4f(r, g, b, a);
+                gca_ColorsAttr.put4f(r, g, b, a);
             } else {
                 throw new IllegalArgumentException("Null color given for COLOR_CHANNEL rendering mode");
             }
@@ -317,6 +342,15 @@ public class VBORegion2PVBAAES2  extends GLRegion {
     }
 
     @Override
+    protected final void pushIndices(final int idx1, final int idx2, final int idx3) {
+        if( usesI32Idx() ) {
+            indicesBuffer.put3i(idx1, idx2, idx3);
+        } else {
+            indicesBuffer.put3s((short)idx1, (short)idx2, (short)idx3);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
     protected void updateImpl(final GL2ES2 gl) {
         // seal buffers
         indicesBuffer.seal(gl, true);
diff --git a/src/jogl/classes/jogamp/graph/curve/opengl/VBORegionSPES2.java b/src/jogl/classes/jogamp/graph/curve/opengl/VBORegionSPES2.java
index 03929b847..5a4c0c731 100644
--- a/src/jogl/classes/jogamp/graph/curve/opengl/VBORegionSPES2.java
+++ b/src/jogl/classes/jogamp/graph/curve/opengl/VBORegionSPES2.java
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /**
- * Copyright 2010 JogAmp Community. All rights reserved.
+ * Copyright 2010-2023 JogAmp Community. All rights reserved.
  *
  * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are
  * permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
@@ -60,25 +60,26 @@ public class VBORegionSPES2 extends GLRegion {
     private final GLUniformData gcu_ColorTexBBox;
     private ShaderProgram spPass1 = null;
 
-    public VBORegionSPES2(final GLProfile glp, final int renderModes, final TextureSequence colorTexSeq) {
+    public VBORegionSPES2(final GLProfile glp, final int renderModes, final TextureSequence colorTexSeq,
+                          final int initialVerticesCount, final int initialIndicesCount)
+    {
         super(glp, renderModes, colorTexSeq);
 
         rsLocal = new RenderState.ProgramLocal();
 
-        final int initialElementCount = 256;
         // We leave GLArrayDataClient.DEFAULT_GROWTH_FACTOR intact for avg +19% size, but 15% less CPU overhead compared to 1.2 (19% total)
 
-        indicesBuffer = GLArrayDataServer.createData(3, glIdxType(), initialElementCount, GL.GL_STATIC_DRAW, GL.GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER);
+        indicesBuffer = GLArrayDataServer.createData(3, glIdxType(), initialIndicesCount, GL.GL_STATIC_DRAW, GL.GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER);
 
         gca_VerticesAttr = GLArrayDataServer.createGLSL(AttributeNames.VERTEX_ATTR_NAME, 3, GL.GL_FLOAT,
-                                                        false, initialElementCount, GL.GL_STATIC_DRAW);
+                                                        false, initialVerticesCount, GL.GL_STATIC_DRAW);
 
         gca_CurveParamsAttr = GLArrayDataServer.createGLSL(AttributeNames.CURVEPARAMS_ATTR_NAME, 3, GL.GL_FLOAT,
-                                                           false, initialElementCount, GL.GL_STATIC_DRAW);
+                                                           false, initialVerticesCount, GL.GL_STATIC_DRAW);
 
         if( hasColorChannel() ) {
             gca_ColorsAttr = GLArrayDataServer.createGLSL(AttributeNames.COLOR_ATTR_NAME, 4, GL.GL_FLOAT,
-                                                          false, initialElementCount, GL.GL_STATIC_DRAW);
+                                                          false, initialVerticesCount, GL.GL_STATIC_DRAW);
         } else {
             gca_ColorsAttr = null;
         }
@@ -94,8 +95,8 @@ public class VBORegionSPES2 extends GLRegion {
     }
 
     @Override
-    protected void growBufferSize(final int verticeCount, final int indexCount) {
-        indicesBuffer.growIfNeeded(indexCount);
+    public void growBufferSize(final int verticeCount, final int indexCount) {
+        indicesBuffer.growIfNeeded(indexCount * indicesBuffer.getCompsPerElem());
         gca_VerticesAttr.growIfNeeded(verticeCount * gca_VerticesAttr.getCompsPerElem());
         gca_CurveParamsAttr.growIfNeeded(verticeCount * gca_CurveParamsAttr.getCompsPerElem());
         if( null != gca_ColorsAttr ) {
@@ -125,7 +126,7 @@ public class VBORegionSPES2 extends GLRegion {
     @Override
     public void printBufferStats(final PrintStream out) {
         final int[] size= { 0 }, capacity= { 0 };
-        out.println("VBORegionSPES2:");
+        out.println("VBORegionSPES2: idx32 "+usesI32Idx());
         printAndCount(out, "  indices ", indicesBuffer, size, capacity);
         out.println();
         printAndCount(out, "  vertices ", gca_VerticesAttr, size, capacity);
@@ -141,20 +142,36 @@ public class VBORegionSPES2 extends GLRegion {
 
     @Override
     protected final void pushVertex(final float[] coords, final float[] texParams, final float[] rgba) {
-        gca_VerticesAttr.putf(coords[0]);
-        gca_VerticesAttr.putf(coords[1]);
-        gca_VerticesAttr.putf(coords[2]);
-
-        gca_CurveParamsAttr.putf(texParams[0]);
-        gca_CurveParamsAttr.putf(texParams[1]);
-        gca_CurveParamsAttr.putf(texParams[2]);
+        // NIO array[3] is much slows than group/single
+        // gca_VerticesAttr.putf(coords, 0, 3);
+        // gca_CurveParamsAttr.putf(texParams, 0, 3);
+        gca_VerticesAttr.put3f(coords[0], coords[1], coords[2]);
+        gca_CurveParamsAttr.put3f(texParams[0], texParams[1], texParams[2]);
+        if( null != gca_ColorsAttr ) {
+            if( null != rgba ) {
+                // gca_ColorsAttr.putf(rgba, 0, 4);
+                gca_ColorsAttr.put4f(rgba[0], rgba[1], rgba[2], rgba[3]);
+            } else {
+                throw new IllegalArgumentException("Null color given for COLOR_CHANNEL rendering mode");
+            }
+        }
+    }
 
+    @Override
+    protected final void pushVertices(final float[] coords1, final float[] coords2, final float[] coords3,
+                                      final float[] texParams1, final float[] texParams2, final float[] texParams3, final float[] rgba) {
+        gca_VerticesAttr.put3f(coords1[0], coords1[1], coords1[2]);
+        gca_VerticesAttr.put3f(coords2[0], coords2[1], coords2[2]);
+        gca_VerticesAttr.put3f(coords3[0], coords3[1], coords3[2]);
+        gca_CurveParamsAttr.put3f(texParams1[0], texParams1[1], texParams1[2]);
+        gca_CurveParamsAttr.put3f(texParams2[0], texParams2[1], texParams2[2]);
+        gca_CurveParamsAttr.put3f(texParams3[0], texParams3[1], texParams3[2]);
         if( null != gca_ColorsAttr ) {
             if( null != rgba ) {
-                gca_ColorsAttr.putf(rgba[0]);
-                gca_ColorsAttr.putf(rgba[1]);
-                gca_ColorsAttr.putf(rgba[2]);
-                gca_ColorsAttr.putf(rgba[3]);
+                final float r=rgba[0], g=rgba[1], b=rgba[2], a=rgba[3];
+                gca_ColorsAttr.put4f(r, g, b, a);
+                gca_ColorsAttr.put4f(r, g, b, a);
+                gca_ColorsAttr.put4f(r, g, b, a);
             } else {
                 throw new IllegalArgumentException("Null color given for COLOR_CHANNEL rendering mode");
             }
@@ -171,6 +188,15 @@ public class VBORegionSPES2 extends GLRegion {
     }
 
     @Override
+    protected final void pushIndices(final int idx1, final int idx2, final int idx3) {
+        if( usesI32Idx() ) {
+            indicesBuffer.put3i(idx1, idx2, idx3);
+        } else {
+            indicesBuffer.put3s((short)idx1, (short)idx2, (short)idx3);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
     protected void updateImpl(final GL2ES2 gl) {
         // seal buffers
         gca_VerticesAttr.seal(gl, true);